penicillins
E850002
Penicillins are a widely used class of β-lactam antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi, primarily effective against many Gram-positive bacteria.
All labels observed (4)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| penicillin | 2 |
| nafcillin | 1 |
| penicillin V | 1 |
| penicillins canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T10214504 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: penicillins Context triple: [methotrexate, interactsWith, penicillins]
-
A.
amphotericin B
Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal medication primarily used to treat severe, systemic fungal infections.
-
B.
Opekta
Opekta was a German-Dutch company that produced and sold pectin-based gelling agents for making jam, notably managed in its Amsterdam branch by Anne Frank’s father, Otto Frank.
-
C.
Auscitain
An Auscitain is a resident or native of Auch, a historic town in the Occitanie region of southwestern France.
-
D.
Panazol
Panazol is a suburban commune in west-central France, located just east of the city of Limoges in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
-
E.
Pacanins
Pacanins is a Spanish-language surname of likely Hispanic origin.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: penicillins Target entity description: Penicillins are a widely used class of β-lactam antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi, primarily effective against many Gram-positive bacteria.
-
A.
amphotericin B
Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal medication primarily used to treat severe, systemic fungal infections.
-
B.
Opekta
Opekta was a German-Dutch company that produced and sold pectin-based gelling agents for making jam, notably managed in its Amsterdam branch by Anne Frank’s father, Otto Frank.
-
C.
Auscitain
An Auscitain is a resident or native of Auch, a historic town in the Occitanie region of southwestern France.
-
D.
Panazol
Panazol is a suburban commune in west-central France, located just east of the city of Limoges in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
-
E.
Pacanins
Pacanins is a Spanish-language surname of likely Hispanic origin.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (66)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
antibacterial agent
ⓘ
antibiotic class ⓘ beta-lactam antibiotic ⓘ organic compound ⓘ |
| adverseEffect |
Clostridioides difficile infection
ⓘ
allergic reactions ⓘ anaphylaxis ⓘ diarrhea ⓘ interstitial nephritis ⓘ rash ⓘ seizures at high doses ⓘ |
| ATCCode | J01C ⓘ |
| belongsToClass | beta-lactam antibiotics ⓘ |
| canBeCombinedWith | beta-lactamase inhibitors ⓘ |
| clinicalUseBegan | 1940s ⓘ |
| contraindication | history of severe penicillin allergy ⓘ |
| derivedFrom |
Penicillium fungi
ⓘ
linked to:
Penicillium
|
| discoveredBy | Alexander Fleming ⓘ |
| discoveryYear | 1928 ⓘ |
| effectiveAgainst |
Gram-positive bacteria
ⓘ
some Gram-negative bacteria ⓘ |
| elimination | renal excretion ⓘ |
| example |
amoxicillin
ⓘ
ampicillin ⓘ azlocillin ⓘ cloxacillin ⓘ mezlocillin ⓘ nafcillin ⓘ
linked to:
penicillins
oxacillin ⓘ penicillin G ⓘ penicillin V ⓘ
linked to:
penicillins
piperacillin ⓘ ticarcillin ⓘ |
| exampleCombination |
amoxicillin-clavulanate
ⓘ
ampicillin-sulbactam ⓘ piperacillin-tazobactam ⓘ ticarcillin-clavulanate ⓘ |
| hasCoreStructure |
beta-lactam ring
ⓘ
thiazolidine ring ⓘ |
| hasFunctionalGroup | acyl side chain ⓘ |
| hasSubclass |
aminopenicillins
ⓘ
antipseudomonal penicillins ⓘ extended-spectrum penicillins ⓘ natural penicillins ⓘ penicillinase-resistant penicillins ⓘ |
| mechanismOfAction | inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis ⓘ |
| resistanceMechanism |
altered penicillin-binding proteins
ⓘ
beta-lactamase production ⓘ reduced permeability of bacterial cell wall ⓘ |
| routeOfAdministration |
intramuscular
ⓘ
intravenous ⓘ oral ⓘ |
| spectrum |
broad-spectrum penicillins
ⓘ
narrow-spectrum penicillins ⓘ |
| targets |
bacterial transpeptidases
ⓘ
penicillin-binding proteins ⓘ |
| usedFor |
treatment of bacterial infections
ⓘ
treatment of endocarditis ⓘ treatment of otitis media ⓘ treatment of pneumococcal infections ⓘ treatment of respiratory tract infections ⓘ treatment of skin and soft tissue infections ⓘ treatment of streptococcal infections ⓘ treatment of syphilis ⓘ |
| usedIn |
human medicine
ⓘ
veterinary medicine ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: penicillins Description of subject: Penicillins are a widely used class of β-lactam antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi, primarily effective against many Gram-positive bacteria.
Referenced by (5)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: penicillins
linked to: penicillins
linked to: penicillins
linked to: penicillins