Penicillium
E565604
Penicillium is a large genus of filamentous fungi best known for species that produce the antibiotic penicillin and for their roles in food production and spoilage.
All labels observed (4)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Penicillium canonical | 5 |
| Penicillium expansum | 1 |
| Penicillium fungi | 1 |
| Penicillium roqueforti | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T6075431 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Penicillium Context triple: [Penicillium chrysogenum, genus, Penicillium]
-
A.
Aspergillus
Aspergillus is a large genus of filamentous fungi that includes many species important in medicine, industry, and food production, as well as some notable human pathogens.
-
B.
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenum is a species of filamentous fungus best known as the original industrial source of the antibiotic penicillin.
-
C.
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus fumigatus is a common airborne filamentous fungus and opportunistic human pathogen, particularly causing severe infections in immunocompromised individuals.
-
D.
Pseudallescheria
Pseudallescheria is a genus of filamentous fungi known for containing opportunistic human pathogens that can cause serious infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
-
E.
Scopulariopsis
Scopulariopsis is a genus of filamentous fungi known for its saprophytic lifestyle and occasional role as an opportunistic human pathogen.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Penicillium Target entity description: Penicillium is a large genus of filamentous fungi best known for species that produce the antibiotic penicillin and for their roles in food production and spoilage.
-
A.
Aspergillus
Aspergillus is a large genus of filamentous fungi that includes many species important in medicine, industry, and food production, as well as some notable human pathogens.
-
B.
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenum is a species of filamentous fungus best known as the original industrial source of the antibiotic penicillin.
-
C.
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus fumigatus is a common airborne filamentous fungus and opportunistic human pathogen, particularly causing severe infections in immunocompromised individuals.
-
D.
Pseudallescheria
Pseudallescheria is a genus of filamentous fungi known for containing opportunistic human pathogens that can cause serious infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
-
E.
Scopulariopsis
Scopulariopsis is a genus of filamentous fungi known for its saprophytic lifestyle and occasional role as an opportunistic human pathogen.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (51)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf | genus of fungi ⓘ |
| causes |
food spoilage of bread and stored products
ⓘ
post-harvest fruit rot in some species ⓘ |
| cellWallComponent | chitin ⓘ |
| class | Eurotiomycetes ⓘ |
| conidiophoreArrangement | brush-like (penicillus) conidiophores ⓘ |
| describedBy |
Heinrich Friedrich Link
ⓘ
linked to:
Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link
|
| describedInYear | 1809 ⓘ |
| distribution | cosmopolitan ⓘ |
| ecologicalRole |
decomposer of organic material
ⓘ
saprotroph ⓘ |
| etymology | name derived from Latin "penicillus" meaning "little brush" ⓘ |
| family | Trichocomaceae ⓘ |
| genomeType | haploid nuclear genome ⓘ |
| growthTemperatureRange | typically mesophilic ⓘ |
| habitat |
decaying organic matter
ⓘ
indoor environments ⓘ soil ⓘ |
| hyphaeType | septate hyphae ⓘ |
| includesPathogensOf |
humans (opportunistic infections by some species)
ⓘ
plants (some species) ⓘ |
| kingdom | Fungi ⓘ |
| knownFor |
biotechnology applications
ⓘ
cheese ripening ⓘ food spoilage ⓘ production of antibiotic penicillin by some species ⓘ |
| metabolism | aerobic respiration ⓘ |
| morphology | filamentous fungus ⓘ |
| notableSpecies |
Penicillium camemberti
ⓘ
Penicillium chrysogenum ⓘ Penicillium expansum ⓘ Penicillium marneffei ⓘ Penicillium roqueforti ⓘ Penicillium rubens ⓘ
linked to:
Penicillium chrysogenum
|
| order | Eurotiales ⓘ |
| phylum | Ascomycota ⓘ |
| produces |
enzymes used in industry
ⓘ
mycotoxins in some species ⓘ organic acids in some species ⓘ secondary metabolites ⓘ |
| relevance |
economic importance in food industry
ⓘ
medical importance due to antibiotic production ⓘ |
| reproduction |
asexual reproduction by conidia
ⓘ
sexual reproduction via ascospores in some species ⓘ |
| sporeDispersal | airborne conidia ⓘ |
| taxonRank | genus ⓘ |
| typeSpecies |
Penicillium expansum
ⓘ
linked to:
Penicillium
|
| usedIn |
industrial enzyme production
ⓘ
organic acid fermentation ⓘ production of blue-veined cheeses ⓘ production of soft-ripened cheeses ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Penicillium Description of subject: Penicillium is a large genus of filamentous fungi best known for species that produce the antibiotic penicillin and for their roles in food production and spoilage.
Referenced by (8)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Penicillium
linked to: Penicillium
subject linked to:
cabrales cheese
linked to: Penicillium