Penicillium chrysogenum
E135388
Penicillium chrysogenum is a species of filamentous fungus best known as the original industrial source of the antibiotic penicillin.
All labels observed (3)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Penicillium chrysogenum canonical | 7 |
| Penicillium rubens | 2 |
| Penicillium notatum | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1151100 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Penicillium chrysogenum Context triple: [Ascomycota, includesTaxon, Penicillium chrysogenum]
-
A.
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus fumigatus is a common airborne filamentous fungus and opportunistic human pathogen, particularly causing severe infections in immunocompromised individuals.
-
B.
Neurospora crassa
Neurospora crassa is a filamentous red bread mold fungus widely used as a model organism in genetics and molecular biology.
-
C.
Claviceps purpurea
Claviceps purpurea is a parasitic fungus best known for infecting cereal grains like rye and producing toxic ergot alkaloids that can cause ergotism in humans and animals.
-
D.
Candida albicans
Candida albicans is a common opportunistic fungal pathogen in humans, often part of the normal microbiota but capable of causing infections ranging from superficial thrush to life-threatening systemic disease.
-
E.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast widely used in baking, brewing, and scientific research as a model eukaryotic organism.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Penicillium chrysogenum Target entity description: Penicillium chrysogenum is a species of filamentous fungus best known as the original industrial source of the antibiotic penicillin.
-
A.
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus fumigatus is a common airborne filamentous fungus and opportunistic human pathogen, particularly causing severe infections in immunocompromised individuals.
-
B.
Neurospora crassa
Neurospora crassa is a filamentous red bread mold fungus widely used as a model organism in genetics and molecular biology.
-
C.
Claviceps purpurea
Claviceps purpurea is a parasitic fungus best known for infecting cereal grains like rye and producing toxic ergot alkaloids that can cause ergotism in humans and animals.
-
D.
Candida albicans
Candida albicans is a common opportunistic fungal pathogen in humans, often part of the normal microbiota but capable of causing infections ranging from superficial thrush to life-threatening systemic disease.
-
E.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast widely used in baking, brewing, and scientific research as a model eukaryotic organism.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Penicillium
ⓘ
filamentous fungus ⓘ fungus species ⓘ |
| authority | Thom 1910 ⓘ |
| binomialName | Penicillium chrysogenum ⓘ |
| biosafetyLevel | BSL-1 ⓘ |
| cellType | eukaryote ⓘ |
| class | Eurotiomycetes ⓘ |
| colonyColor | blue-green ⓘ |
| discoveredBy | Alexander Fleming ⓘ |
| division | Ascomycota ⓘ |
| ecologicalRole | saprotroph ⓘ |
| family | Trichocomaceae ⓘ |
| foundOn |
damp building materials
ⓘ
food products ⓘ |
| genomeType | linear chromosomes ⓘ |
| genus | Penicillium ⓘ |
| growthForm | mycelial colonies ⓘ |
| habitat |
decaying organic matter
ⓘ
indoor environments ⓘ soil ⓘ |
| hasCellWallComponent | chitin ⓘ |
| hasGenomeSequenced | true ⓘ |
| industrialUse |
fermentation processes
ⓘ
production of penicillin ⓘ production of semi-synthetic penicillins ⓘ |
| isA | mold ⓘ |
| kingdom | Fungi ⓘ |
| metabolism | aerobic respiration ⓘ |
| morphology |
branched conidiophores
ⓘ
septate hyphae ⓘ |
| notedFor | original industrial source of penicillin ⓘ |
| order | Eurotiales ⓘ |
| oxygenRequirement | obligate aerobe ⓘ |
| phylum | Ascomycota ⓘ |
| previouslyKnownAs |
Penicillium notatum
ⓘ
linked to:
Penicillium chrysogenum
|
| produces |
beta-lactam antibiotics
ⓘ
penicillin ⓘ secondary metabolites ⓘ |
| relevance |
biotechnology
ⓘ
medical microbiology ⓘ |
| reproduction |
asexual reproduction by conidia
ⓘ
sexual reproduction via ascospores ⓘ |
| risk | possible allergen ⓘ |
| taxonRank | species ⓘ |
| temperatureRange | mesophilic ⓘ |
| usedIn |
antibiotic production
ⓘ
pharmaceutical industry ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Penicillium chrysogenum Description of subject: Penicillium chrysogenum is a species of filamentous fungus best known as the original industrial source of the antibiotic penicillin.
Referenced by (10)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Penicillium chrysogenum
linked to: Penicillium chrysogenum
linked to: Penicillium chrysogenum