Last Glacial Maximum
E179498
The Last Glacial Maximum was the most recent period in Earth’s history when ice sheets reached their greatest extent, dramatically lowering sea levels and reshaping global climates and ecosystems.
All labels observed (4)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Last Glacial Maximum canonical | 21 |
| Last Glacial Maximum cryosphere | 1 |
| Last Glacial Period | 1 |
| Weichselian glaciation | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1572205 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Last Glacial Maximum Context triple: [Quaternary period, contains, Last Glacial Maximum]
-
A.
Holocene climatic optimum
The Holocene climatic optimum was a warm period roughly 9,000–5,000 years ago when global temperatures, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, were higher than today, influencing the spread of forests and early human civilizations.
-
B.
Pleistocene epoch
The Pleistocene epoch was a geological time period characterized by repeated ice ages, widespread glaciation, and the evolution and global spread of modern humans.
-
C.
Cenozoic glaciations
Cenozoic glaciations are a series of major ice age cycles during the Cenozoic Era that saw extensive growth and retreat of continental ice sheets, profoundly shaping Earth’s climate and landscapes.
-
D.
Quaternary period
The Quaternary period is the most recent division of geologic time, characterized by repeated ice ages, the evolution and global spread of modern humans, and significant climatic fluctuations over the last 2.6 million years.
-
E.
Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning around 11,700 years ago, characterized by relatively stable climate conditions and the development of human civilizations.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Last Glacial Maximum Target entity description: The Last Glacial Maximum was the most recent period in Earth’s history when ice sheets reached their greatest extent, dramatically lowering sea levels and reshaping global climates and ecosystems.
-
A.
Holocene climatic optimum
The Holocene climatic optimum was a warm period roughly 9,000–5,000 years ago when global temperatures, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, were higher than today, influencing the spread of forests and early human civilizations.
-
B.
Pleistocene epoch
The Pleistocene epoch was a geological time period characterized by repeated ice ages, widespread glaciation, and the evolution and global spread of modern humans.
-
C.
Cenozoic glaciations
Cenozoic glaciations are a series of major ice age cycles during the Cenozoic Era that saw extensive growth and retreat of continental ice sheets, profoundly shaping Earth’s climate and landscapes.
-
D.
Quaternary period
The Quaternary period is the most recent division of geologic time, characterized by repeated ice ages, the evolution and global spread of modern humans, and significant climatic fluctuations over the last 2.6 million years.
-
E.
Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning around 11,700 years ago, characterized by relatively stable climate conditions and the development of human civilizations.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (52)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Quaternary climatic phase
ⓘ
glacial maximum ⓘ paleoclimatic event ⓘ |
| alsoKnownAs |
LGM
ⓘ
linked to:
Würm glaciation
|
| associatedWith | lower atmospheric CO2 concentrations ⓘ |
| causedExposureOf |
Bering Land Bridge
ⓘ
Doggerland in the North Sea ⓘ
linked to:
North Sea
Sahul Shelf land areas ⓘ
linked to:
Sahul Shelf
Sunda Shelf land areas ⓘ
linked to:
Sunda Shelf
|
| characterizedBy |
altered global atmospheric circulation
ⓘ
altered ocean circulation patterns ⓘ colder global temperatures ⓘ drier conditions in many regions ⓘ expanded deserts and semi-arid regions ⓘ expanded mountain glaciers worldwide ⓘ large continental ice sheets over Asia ⓘ large continental ice sheets over North America ⓘ large continental ice sheets over northern Europe ⓘ lower global sea level ⓘ maximum global ice-sheet extent in the late Pleistocene ⓘ |
| followedBy |
deglaciation of the last glacial period
ⓘ
transition to the Holocene ⓘ |
| hasApproximateCO2Concentration | about 180 to 190 ppm ⓘ |
| hasApproximateEnd | about 19,000 to 20,000 years ago ⓘ |
| hasApproximateStart | about 26,500 years ago ⓘ |
| hasEstimatedGlobalMeanTemperatureChange | about 4 to 7 degrees Celsius cooler than preindustrial ⓘ |
| hasEstimatedGlobalSeaLevelChange | about 120 to 130 meters lower than present ⓘ |
| hasKeyProxy |
dust concentrations in ice cores
ⓘ
foraminifera assemblages ⓘ oxygen isotope ratios ⓘ |
| hasMajorIceSheet |
Barents–Kara Ice Sheet
ⓘ
British–Irish Ice Sheet ⓘ Cordilleran Ice Sheet ⓘ East Antarctic Ice Sheet ⓘ Fennoscandian Ice Sheet ⓘ Greenland Ice Sheet ⓘ
linked to:
Greenland Ice Sheet (North American sector)
Laurentide Ice Sheet ⓘ
linked to:
Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America
Patagonian Ice Sheet ⓘ
linked to:
Patagonian Ice Fields
West Antarctic Ice Sheet ⓘ
linked to:
West Antarctica
|
| hasPeakAround | about 21,000 years ago ⓘ |
| impacted |
distribution of plant and animal species
ⓘ
global ecosystems ⓘ human migration routes ⓘ |
| partOf |
Last Glacial Period
ⓘ
Pleistocene epoch ⓘ Quaternary period ⓘ |
| precededBy | earlier Pleistocene glacial maxima ⓘ |
| studiedUsing |
glacial geomorphological evidence
ⓘ
ice core records ⓘ marine sediment cores ⓘ pollen and plant macrofossils ⓘ terrestrial sediment records ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Last Glacial Maximum Description of subject: The Last Glacial Maximum was the most recent period in Earth’s history when ice sheets reached their greatest extent, dramatically lowering sea levels and reshaping global climates and ecosystems.
Referenced by (24)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Last Glacial Maximum
subject linked to:
Yoldiahavet (Swedish)
subject linked to:
Yoldiahavet (Swedish)
linked to: Last Glacial Maximum
linked to: Last Glacial Maximum