Hirabayashi v. United States

E95689

United States Supreme Court case landmark case

Hirabayashi v. United States is a 1943 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime curfew and restrictions imposed on Japanese Americans during World War II.

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All labels observed (7)

Label	Occurrences
Hirabayashi v. United States canonical	11
Gordon Hirabayashi was a U.S.-born citizen of Japanese ancestry and a college student at the University of Washington.	1
Hirabayashi v. United States (1943)	1
Hirabayashi v. United States (postwar proceedings)	1
Hirabayashi v. United States (post‑conviction proceedings)	1
Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943)	1
The Supreme Court affirmed Hirabayashi’s conviction for violating the curfew and exclusion orders.	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T796483 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Hirabayashi v. United States
Context triple: [Japanese Americans, notableCourtCase, Hirabayashi v. United States]

A. Korematsu v. United States
Korematsu v. United States is a landmark 1944 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime internment of Japanese Americans, later widely condemned as a grave civil liberties violation.
B. Korematsu v. United States (dissent)
Korematsu v. United States (dissent) is Justice Robert H. Jackson’s famous Supreme Court opinion condemning the wartime internment of Japanese Americans and warning against validating racial discrimination under the Constitution.
C. Debs v. United States
Debs v. United States was a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case in which socialist leader Eugene V. Debs’s conviction for antiwar speech was upheld, reinforcing broad limits on free speech during wartime.
D. Schenck v. United States
Schenck v. United States is a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case that established the “clear and present danger” test, allowing the government to restrict speech during wartime.
E. Printz v. United States
Printz v. United States is a 1997 U.S. Supreme Court decision that limited federal power by holding that Congress cannot compel state or local officials to implement federal regulatory programs.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Hirabayashi v. United States
Target entity description: Hirabayashi v. United States is a 1943 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime curfew and restrictions imposed on Japanese Americans during World War II.

A. Korematsu v. United States
Korematsu v. United States is a landmark 1944 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime internment of Japanese Americans, later widely condemned as a grave civil liberties violation.
B. Korematsu v. United States (dissent)
Korematsu v. United States (dissent) is Justice Robert H. Jackson’s famous Supreme Court opinion condemning the wartime internment of Japanese Americans and warning against validating racial discrimination under the Constitution.
C. Debs v. United States
Debs v. United States was a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case in which socialist leader Eugene V. Debs’s conviction for antiwar speech was upheld, reinforcing broad limits on free speech during wartime.
D. Schenck v. United States
Schenck v. United States is a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case that established the “clear and present danger” test, allowing the government to restrict speech during wartime.
E. Printz v. United States
Printz v. United States is a 1997 U.S. Supreme Court decision that limited federal power by holding that Congress cannot compel state or local officials to implement federal regulatory programs.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (50)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	United States Supreme Court case ⓘ landmark case ⓘ
areaOfLaw	civil rights ⓘ constitutional law ⓘ military law ⓘ
arguedDate	1943-05-10 ⓘ 1943-05-11 ⓘ
citation	320 U.S. 81 ⓘ
constitutionalProvision	U.S. Constitution, Article II war powers context ⓘ U.S. Constitution, Fifth Amendment ⓘ linked to: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
court	Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ
decisionDate	1943-06-21 ⓘ
defendantBackground	Gordon Hirabayashi was a U.S.-born citizen of Japanese ancestry and a college student at the University of Washington. ⓘ linked to: Hirabayashi v. United States
docketNumber	870 ⓘ
fullCaseName	Hirabayashi v. United States ⓘ
geographicScope	U.S. West Coast military areas ⓘ
historicalAssessment	Later widely criticized as an endorsement of racial discrimination under the guise of military necessity. ⓘ
holding	The Supreme Court affirmed Hirabayashi’s conviction for violating the curfew and exclusion orders. ⓘ linked to: Hirabayashi v. United States The Supreme Court held that the curfew order was a valid exercise of the war powers of Congress and the President. ⓘ The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of a wartime curfew imposed on Japanese Americans on the West Coast. ⓘ
impact	Influenced later Supreme Court analysis of race and national security. ⓘ Provided judicial support for wartime restrictions on Japanese Americans. ⓘ
jurisdiction	United States ⓘ linked to: United States of America
laterDevelopment	Hirabayashi’s convictions were vacated in the 1980s through coram nobis proceedings in lower federal courts. ⓘ
legalIssue	Equal Protection component of the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause ⓘ constitutionality of wartime curfew ⓘ restrictions on Japanese Americans ⓘ war powers of the President and Congress ⓘ
locationOfEvents	Seattle, Washington ⓘ linked to: Seattle, Washington, United States
majorityOpinionBy	Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone ⓘ linked to: Justice Harlan F. Stone
opinionType	unanimous decision ⓘ
pageInUnitedStatesReports	81 ⓘ
petitioner	Gordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi ⓘ
reargued	no ⓘ
relatedCase	Ex parte Endo ⓘ Korematsu v. United States ⓘ Yasui v. United States ⓘ
relatedTo	Japanese American civil liberties ⓘ Japanese American internment ⓘ World War II ⓘ
respondent	United States ⓘ linked to: United States of America
statuteInvolved	Executive Order 9066 (contextual authority) ⓘ linked to: Executive Order 9066 Public Law 503 ⓘ
subjectMatter	national security ⓘ racial discrimination ⓘ wartime civil liberties ⓘ
timePeriod	World War II era ⓘ
volumeInUnitedStatesReports	320 ⓘ
vote	9-0 ⓘ
yearDecided	1943 ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (17)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Japanese Americans → notableCourtCase → Hirabayashi v. United States ⓘ

United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court → includesCase → Hirabayashi v. United States ⓘ

Japanese American internment → relatedCourtCase → Hirabayashi v. United States ⓘ

Korematsu v. United States → relatedCase → Hirabayashi v. United States ⓘ

Hirabayashi v. United States → fullCaseName → Hirabayashi v. United States ⓘ

Hirabayashi v. United States → holding → The Supreme Court affirmed Hirabayashi’s conviction for violating the curfew and exclusion orders. ⓘ