Hirabayashi v. United States
E95689
Hirabayashi v. United States is a 1943 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime curfew and restrictions imposed on Japanese Americans during World War II.
All labels observed (4)
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T796483 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Hirabayashi v. United States Context triple: [Japanese Americans, notableCourtCase, Hirabayashi v. United States]
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A.
Korematsu v. United States
Korematsu v. United States is a landmark 1944 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime internment of Japanese Americans, later widely condemned as a grave civil liberties violation.
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B.
Korematsu v. United States (dissent)
Korematsu v. United States (dissent) is Justice Robert H. Jackson’s famous Supreme Court opinion condemning the wartime internment of Japanese Americans and warning against validating racial discrimination under the Constitution.
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C.
Debs v. United States
Debs v. United States was a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case in which socialist leader Eugene V. Debs’s conviction for antiwar speech was upheld, reinforcing broad limits on free speech during wartime.
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D.
Schenck v. United States
Schenck v. United States is a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case that established the “clear and present danger” test, allowing the government to restrict speech during wartime.
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E.
Printz v. United States
Printz v. United States is a 1997 U.S. Supreme Court decision that limited federal power by holding that Congress cannot compel state or local officials to implement federal regulatory programs.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Hirabayashi v. United States Target entity description: Hirabayashi v. United States is a 1943 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime curfew and restrictions imposed on Japanese Americans during World War II.
-
A.
Korematsu v. United States
Korematsu v. United States is a landmark 1944 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime internment of Japanese Americans, later widely condemned as a grave civil liberties violation.
-
B.
Korematsu v. United States (dissent)
Korematsu v. United States (dissent) is Justice Robert H. Jackson’s famous Supreme Court opinion condemning the wartime internment of Japanese Americans and warning against validating racial discrimination under the Constitution.
-
C.
Debs v. United States
Debs v. United States was a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case in which socialist leader Eugene V. Debs’s conviction for antiwar speech was upheld, reinforcing broad limits on free speech during wartime.
-
D.
Schenck v. United States
Schenck v. United States is a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case that established the “clear and present danger” test, allowing the government to restrict speech during wartime.
-
E.
Printz v. United States
Printz v. United States is a 1997 U.S. Supreme Court decision that limited federal power by holding that Congress cannot compel state or local officials to implement federal regulatory programs.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (50)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States Supreme Court case
ⓘ
landmark case ⓘ |
| areaOfLaw |
civil rights
ⓘ
constitutional law ⓘ military law ⓘ |
| arguedDate |
1943-05-10
ⓘ
1943-05-11 ⓘ |
| citation | 320 U.S. 81 ⓘ |
| constitutionalProvision |
U.S. Constitution, Article II war powers context
ⓘ
U.S. Constitution, Fifth Amendment ⓘ |
| court | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| decisionDate | 1943-06-21 ⓘ |
| defendantBackground |
Gordon Hirabayashi was a U.S.-born citizen of Japanese ancestry and a college student at the University of Washington.
ⓘ
linked to:
Hirabayashi v. United States
|
| docketNumber | 870 ⓘ |
| fullCaseName | Hirabayashi v. United States ⓘ |
| geographicScope | U.S. West Coast military areas ⓘ |
| historicalAssessment | Later widely criticized as an endorsement of racial discrimination under the guise of military necessity. ⓘ |
| holding |
The Supreme Court affirmed Hirabayashi’s conviction for violating the curfew and exclusion orders.
ⓘ
linked to:
Hirabayashi v. United States
The Supreme Court held that the curfew order was a valid exercise of the war powers of Congress and the President. ⓘ The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of a wartime curfew imposed on Japanese Americans on the West Coast. ⓘ |
| impact |
Influenced later Supreme Court analysis of race and national security.
ⓘ
Provided judicial support for wartime restrictions on Japanese Americans. ⓘ |
| jurisdiction |
United States
ⓘ
linked to:
United States of America
|
| laterDevelopment | Hirabayashi’s convictions were vacated in the 1980s through coram nobis proceedings in lower federal courts. ⓘ |
| legalIssue |
Equal Protection component of the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause
ⓘ
constitutionality of wartime curfew ⓘ restrictions on Japanese Americans ⓘ war powers of the President and Congress ⓘ |
| locationOfEvents |
Seattle, Washington
ⓘ
linked to:
Seattle, Washington, United States
|
| majorityOpinionBy |
Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone
ⓘ
linked to:
Justice Harlan F. Stone
|
| opinionType | unanimous decision ⓘ |
| pageInUnitedStatesReports | 81 ⓘ |
| petitioner | Gordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi ⓘ |
| reargued | no ⓘ |
| relatedCase |
Ex parte Endo
ⓘ
Korematsu v. United States ⓘ Yasui v. United States ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Japanese American civil liberties
ⓘ
Japanese American internment ⓘ World War II ⓘ |
| respondent |
United States
ⓘ
linked to:
United States of America
|
| statuteInvolved |
Executive Order 9066 (contextual authority)
ⓘ
linked to:
Executive Order 9066
Public Law 503 ⓘ |
| subjectMatter |
national security
ⓘ
racial discrimination ⓘ wartime civil liberties ⓘ |
| timePeriod | World War II era ⓘ |
| volumeInUnitedStatesReports | 320 ⓘ |
| vote | 9-0 ⓘ |
| yearDecided | 1943 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Hirabayashi v. United States Description of subject: Hirabayashi v. United States is a 1943 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime curfew and restrictions imposed on Japanese Americans during World War II.
Referenced by (9)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court
→
includesCase
→
Hirabayashi v. United States
ⓘ
Hirabayashi v. United States
→
holding
→
The Supreme Court affirmed Hirabayashi’s conviction for violating the curfew and exclusion orders.
ⓘ
linked to: Hirabayashi v. United States
Hirabayashi v. United States
→
defendantBackground
→
Gordon Hirabayashi was a U.S.-born citizen of Japanese ancestry and a college student at the University of Washington.
ⓘ
linked to: Hirabayashi v. United States
United States Supreme Court cases of the Vinson Court
→
notableCase
→
Hirabayashi v. United States (post‑conviction proceedings)
ⓘ
linked to: Hirabayashi v. United States