Korematsu v. United States
E94860
Korematsu v. United States is a landmark 1944 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime internment of Japanese Americans, later widely condemned as a grave civil liberties violation.
All labels observed (5)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Korematsu v. United States canonical | 16 |
| Fred Korematsu v. United States | 1 |
| Korematsu | 1 |
| Korematsu v. United States (majority opinion) | 1 |
| Korematsu v. United States rehearing denial | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T796482 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Korematsu v. United States Context triple: [Japanese Americans, notableCourtCase, Korematsu v. United States]
-
A.
Korematsu v. United States (dissent)
Korematsu v. United States (dissent) is Justice Robert H. Jackson’s famous Supreme Court opinion condemning the wartime internment of Japanese Americans and warning against validating racial discrimination under the Constitution.
-
B.
Yick Wo v. Hopkins
Yick Wo v. Hopkins is an 1886 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racially discriminatory enforcement of a facially neutral law violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
-
C.
Bolling v. Sharpe
Bolling v. Sharpe is a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racial segregation in Washington, D.C. public schools unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.
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D.
Katzenbach v. Morgan
Katzenbach v. Morgan is a 1966 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld Congress’s power under the Fourteenth Amendment to prohibit certain state voting restrictions, reinforcing federal authority to protect voting rights.
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E.
Debs v. United States
Debs v. United States was a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case in which socialist leader Eugene V. Debs’s conviction for antiwar speech was upheld, reinforcing broad limits on free speech during wartime.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Korematsu v. United States Target entity description: Korematsu v. United States is a landmark 1944 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime internment of Japanese Americans, later widely condemned as a grave civil liberties violation.
-
A.
Korematsu v. United States (dissent)
Korematsu v. United States (dissent) is Justice Robert H. Jackson’s famous Supreme Court opinion condemning the wartime internment of Japanese Americans and warning against validating racial discrimination under the Constitution.
-
B.
Yick Wo v. Hopkins
Yick Wo v. Hopkins is an 1886 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racially discriminatory enforcement of a facially neutral law violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
-
C.
Bolling v. Sharpe
Bolling v. Sharpe is a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racial segregation in Washington, D.C. public schools unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.
-
D.
Katzenbach v. Morgan
Katzenbach v. Morgan is a 1966 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld Congress’s power under the Fourteenth Amendment to prohibit certain state voting restrictions, reinforcing federal authority to protect voting rights.
-
E.
Debs v. United States
Debs v. United States was a 1919 U.S. Supreme Court case in which socialist leader Eugene V. Debs’s conviction for antiwar speech was upheld, reinforcing broad limits on free speech during wartime.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (53)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States Supreme Court case
ⓘ
civil liberties case ⓘ landmark case ⓘ |
| areaOfLaw |
civil rights
ⓘ
constitutional law ⓘ national security law ⓘ |
| citation | 323 U.S. 214 ⓘ |
| constitutionalProvision |
Article II of the United States Constitution
ⓘ
Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ |
| country |
United States
ⓘ
linked to:
United States of America
|
| court | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| decisionDate | 1944-12-18 ⓘ |
| dissentingJustices |
Frank Murphy
ⓘ
linked to:
Justice Frank Murphy
Owen J. Roberts ⓘ
linked to:
Justice Owen J. Roberts
Robert H. Jackson ⓘ |
| fullName | Korematsu v. United States ⓘ |
| geographicScope | West Coast of the United States ⓘ |
| holding | upheld the exclusion and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II as a valid exercise of war powers ⓘ |
| jurisdiction | federal ⓘ |
| languageOfProceeding | English ⓘ |
| laterCharacterization |
example of judicial deference to the military
ⓘ
example of racial discrimination upheld by the Supreme Court ⓘ widely condemned as a grave civil liberties violation ⓘ |
| legalIssue |
Equal Protection component of the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause
ⓘ
constitutionality of Japanese American internment ⓘ war powers of the President and Congress ⓘ |
| majorityJustices |
Felix Frankfurter
ⓘ
Harold H. Burton ⓘ Hugo Black ⓘ
linked to:
Hugo L. Black
Owen J. Roberts ⓘ
linked to:
Justice Owen J. Roberts
Robert H. Jackson ⓘ Stanley Reed ⓘ William O. Douglas ⓘ |
| majorityOpinionBy |
Hugo Black
ⓘ
linked to:
Hugo L. Black
|
| overruledStatus | not formally overruled but repudiated ⓘ |
| pageInUnitedStatesReports | 214 ⓘ |
| petitioner | Fred Korematsu ⓘ |
| raceClassification | Japanese ancestry ⓘ |
| relatedCase |
Ex parte Endo
ⓘ
Hirabayashi v. United States ⓘ Yasui v. United States ⓘ |
| relatedExecutiveOrder | Executive Order 9066 ⓘ |
| relatedLegislation | Public Law 503 ⓘ |
| respondent |
United States
ⓘ
linked to:
United States of America
|
| shortName |
Korematsu
ⓘ
linked to:
Korematsu v. United States
|
| standardOfReview | strict scrutiny (later characterization) ⓘ |
| subjectMatter |
internment of Japanese Americans
ⓘ
military exclusion orders ⓘ |
| subsequentDevelopment |
conviction of Fred Korematsu vacated by coram nobis in 1983
ⓘ
effectively disavowed by the Supreme Court in Trump v. Hawaii (2018) ⓘ |
| volumeOfUnitedStatesReports | 323 ⓘ |
| warContext | World War II ⓘ |
| yearDecided | 1944 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Korematsu v. United States Description of subject: Korematsu v. United States is a landmark 1944 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the wartime internment of Japanese Americans, later widely condemned as a grave civil liberties violation.
Referenced by (20)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
Korematsu v. United States (dissent)
→
opposesHoldingOf
→
Korematsu v. United States (majority opinion)
ⓘ
linked to: Korematsu v. United States
linked to: Korematsu v. United States
linked to: Korematsu v. United States
linked to: Korematsu v. United States