topiramate
E874309
Topiramate is an anticonvulsant medication commonly used to treat various forms of epilepsy and prevent migraines.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| topiramate canonical | 2 |
| Topamax | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T10609981 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: topiramate Context triple: [Dravet syndrome, hasTreatment, topiramate]
-
A.
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug commonly used to treat epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and bipolar disorder.
-
B.
phenytoin
Phenytoin is an antiepileptic medication commonly used to prevent and control seizures by stabilizing neuronal activity in the brain.
-
C.
Andexxa
Andexxa is a recombinant modified human factor Xa protein used as a reversal agent to counteract the anticoagulant effects of factor Xa inhibitors such as rivaroxaban and apixaban.
-
D.
Lyrica
Lyrica is a prescription medication (pregabalin) commonly used to treat nerve pain, fibromyalgia, and certain types of seizures.
-
E.
Anpezan
Anpezan is a regional dialect of the Ladin language spoken in parts of the Dolomite area of northern Italy.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: topiramate Target entity description: Topiramate is an anticonvulsant medication commonly used to treat various forms of epilepsy and prevent migraines.
-
A.
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug commonly used to treat epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and bipolar disorder.
-
B.
phenytoin
Phenytoin is an antiepileptic medication commonly used to prevent and control seizures by stabilizing neuronal activity in the brain.
-
C.
Andexxa
Andexxa is a recombinant modified human factor Xa protein used as a reversal agent to counteract the anticoagulant effects of factor Xa inhibitors such as rivaroxaban and apixaban.
-
D.
Lyrica
Lyrica is a prescription medication (pregabalin) commonly used to treat nerve pain, fibromyalgia, and certain types of seizures.
-
E.
Anpezan
Anpezan is a regional dialect of the Ladin language spoken in parts of the Dolomite area of northern Italy.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (50)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
anticonvulsant drug
ⓘ
antiepileptic drug ⓘ sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide ⓘ |
| affectsMolecularTarget |
AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors
ⓘ
GABA-A receptors ⓘ voltage-gated sodium channels ⓘ |
| hasATCCode | N03AX11 ⓘ |
| hasBioavailability | about 80–90% ⓘ |
| hasBrandName |
Topamax
ⓘ
linked to:
topiramate
Topiragen ⓘ |
| hasChemicalFormula | C12H21NO8S ⓘ |
| hasEliminationHalfLife | about 21 hours in adults ⓘ |
| hasIUPACName | 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate ⓘ |
| hasLegalStatus | prescription-only medicine ⓘ |
| hasMechanismOfAction |
antagonizes AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors
ⓘ
blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels ⓘ enhances GABAergic inhibition ⓘ weak carbonic anhydrase inhibition ⓘ |
| hasMolarMass | 339.36 g/mol ⓘ |
| hasPregnancyRisk | teratogenic potential ⓘ |
| hasPrimaryElimination | renal excretion unchanged ⓘ |
| hasProteinBinding | 13–17% ⓘ |
| hasRouteOfAdministration |
intravenous
ⓘ
oral ⓘ |
| inhibits | carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes II and IV ⓘ |
| interactsWith |
CNS depressants
ⓘ
oral contraceptives ⓘ valproic acid ⓘ |
| isAvailableAs |
extended-release formulations
ⓘ
immediate-release tablets ⓘ sprinkle capsules ⓘ |
| isContraindicatedWith |
history of metabolic acidosis
ⓘ
hypersensitivity to topiramate ⓘ |
| isExcretedBy | kidney ⓘ |
| isListedOn | World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines ⓘ |
| isMetabolizedBy | liver (minor extent) ⓘ |
| isUsedInCombinationWith | phentermine for weight management ⓘ |
| mayCauseAdverseEffect |
cognitive slowing
ⓘ
fatigue ⓘ glaucoma ⓘ kidney stones ⓘ metabolic acidosis ⓘ paresthesia ⓘ weight loss ⓘ |
| prevents | migraine headaches ⓘ |
| treats |
Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
ⓘ
linked to:
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
epilepsy ⓘ partial-onset seizures ⓘ primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures ⓘ |
| wasFirstApprovedIn | 1996 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: topiramate Description of subject: Topiramate is an anticonvulsant medication commonly used to treat various forms of epilepsy and prevent migraines.
Referenced by (3)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: topiramate