nivolumab
E824658
Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody immunotherapy drug that blocks the PD-1 immune checkpoint to enhance the body’s anti-tumor response in various cancers.
All labels observed (3)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| nivolumab canonical | 3 |
| Opdivo | 2 |
| toripalimab | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T9807399 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: nivolumab Context triple: [programmed death-ligand 1, targetOfDrug, nivolumab]
-
A.
Keytruda
Keytruda is a widely used immunotherapy cancer drug (pembrolizumab) that works by blocking the PD-1 pathway to help the immune system attack tumors.
-
B.
Libtayo
Libtayo is a monoclonal antibody immunotherapy drug used primarily to treat certain types of advanced skin and lung cancers by targeting the PD-1 pathway.
-
C.
Imfinzi
Imfinzi is a prescription immunotherapy drug (durvalumab) developed by AstraZeneca, primarily used to treat certain types of lung and bladder cancers by helping the immune system attack cancer cells.
-
D.
avelumab
Avelumab is a human monoclonal antibody immunotherapy drug used to treat certain cancers by blocking the PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway.
-
E.
Zaltrap
Zaltrap is a cancer medication (brand name for aflibercept) used primarily in combination chemotherapy to treat metastatic colorectal cancer by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: nivolumab Target entity description: Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody immunotherapy drug that blocks the PD-1 immune checkpoint to enhance the body’s anti-tumor response in various cancers.
-
A.
Keytruda
Keytruda is a widely used immunotherapy cancer drug (pembrolizumab) that works by blocking the PD-1 pathway to help the immune system attack tumors.
-
B.
Libtayo
Libtayo is a monoclonal antibody immunotherapy drug used primarily to treat certain types of advanced skin and lung cancers by targeting the PD-1 pathway.
-
C.
Imfinzi
Imfinzi is a prescription immunotherapy drug (durvalumab) developed by AstraZeneca, primarily used to treat certain types of lung and bladder cancers by helping the immune system attack cancer cells.
-
D.
avelumab
Avelumab is a human monoclonal antibody immunotherapy drug used to treat certain cancers by blocking the PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway.
-
E.
Zaltrap
Zaltrap is a cancer medication (brand name for aflibercept) used primarily in combination chemotherapy to treat metastatic colorectal cancer by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (57)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
antineoplastic agent
ⓘ
human IgG4 monoclonal antibody ⓘ monoclonal antibody ⓘ |
| approvedBy |
European Medicines Agency
ⓘ
U.S. Food and Drug Administration ⓘ
linked to:
Food and Drug Administration
|
| ATCCode | L01FF03 ⓘ |
| bindingSite | extracellular domain of PD-1 receptor ⓘ |
| combinationIndication |
intermediate or poor-risk advanced renal cell carcinoma
ⓘ
malignant pleural mesothelioma ⓘ microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient metastatic colorectal cancer ⓘ unresectable or metastatic melanoma ⓘ |
| combinationWith |
ipilimumab
ⓘ
linked to:
Yervoy
|
| commonAdverseEffect |
diarrhea
ⓘ
fatigue ⓘ nausea ⓘ pruritus ⓘ rash ⓘ |
| contraindication | severe hypersensitivity to nivolumab or its excipients ⓘ |
| developedBy | Bristol Myers Squibb ⓘ |
| dosingRegimen | weight-based or fixed-dose intravenous infusion every 2 to 4 weeks ⓘ |
| effectOnImmuneSystem |
increases cytokine production and T-cell proliferation
ⓘ
inhibits PD-1 mediated negative regulation of T-cell activation ⓘ |
| eliminationHalfLife | approximately 25 days ⓘ |
| firstApprovalCountry | Japan ⓘ |
| firstApprovalYear | 2014 ⓘ |
| hasTradeName |
Opdivo
ⓘ
linked to:
nivolumab
|
| immuneRelatedAdverseEffect |
colitis
ⓘ
hepatitis ⓘ hyperthyroidism ⓘ hypophysitis ⓘ hypothyroidism ⓘ nephritis ⓘ pneumonitis ⓘ skin reactions ⓘ |
| immunoglobulinSubclass | IgG4 kappa ⓘ |
| indication |
adjuvant treatment of melanoma
ⓘ
adjuvant treatment of non-small cell lung cancer ⓘ advanced renal cell carcinoma ⓘ classical Hodgkin lymphoma ⓘ colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficiency ⓘ esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ⓘ gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer ⓘ hepatocellular carcinoma ⓘ malignant pleural mesothelioma ⓘ metastatic non-small cell lung cancer ⓘ recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck ⓘ unresectable or metastatic melanoma ⓘ urothelial carcinoma ⓘ |
| legalStatus | prescription only ⓘ |
| mechanismOfAction |
blocks interaction between PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2
ⓘ
enhances T-cell mediated anti-tumor immune response ⓘ |
| molecularType | recombinant human monoclonal antibody ⓘ |
| pregnancyCategory | can cause fetal harm based on mechanism of action ⓘ |
| routeOfAdministration | intravenous infusion ⓘ |
| targets |
PD-1
ⓘ
programmed cell death protein 1 ⓘ |
| usedInTherapy | cancer immunotherapy ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: nivolumab Description of subject: Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody immunotherapy drug that blocks the PD-1 immune checkpoint to enhance the body’s anti-tumor response in various cancers.
Referenced by (6)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: nivolumab
linked to: nivolumab
linked to: nivolumab