Article XX of GATT 1994

E325831

general exceptions clause treaty provision

Article XX of GATT 1994 is the general exceptions clause that allows WTO members to justify trade-restrictive measures that would otherwise violate GATT obligations, provided they meet specified conditions such as necessity and non-discrimination.

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All labels observed (8)

Label	Occurrences
Article XX of GATT 1994 canonical	3
Article XX chapeau of GATT 1994	1
Article XX of GATT 1947	1
Article XX(g) of GATT 1994	1
GATT 1994 Article XX(b)	1
GATT 1994 Article XX(g)	1
GATT Article XX	1
GATT Article XX(a)	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T3012779 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Article XX of GATT 1994
Context triple: [Article III:4, relatedTo, Article XX of GATT 1994]

A. Article III of GATT 1994
Article III of GATT 1994 is a core provision of the WTO legal framework that establishes the national treatment obligation, requiring WTO members to treat imported products no less favorably than like domestic products in respect of internal taxation and regulation.
B. GATT Article XIX
GATT Article XIX is the safeguard provision in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that allows countries to temporarily restrict imports to protect domestic industries from serious injury caused by sudden import surges.
C. Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994
The Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994, commonly known as the Anti-Dumping Agreement, sets out detailed rules for how World Trade Organization members may investigate and apply measures against dumped imports that cause injury to domestic industries.
D. Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994
The Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994, commonly known as the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement, sets out rules for determining the customs value of imported goods to ensure fair, uniform, and neutral application of trade regulations.
E. Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
The Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, often called the Subsidies Code, was a GATT-era multilateral treaty that clarified and disciplined the use of subsidies and countervailing measures in international trade before the establishment of the WTO.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Article XX of GATT 1994
Target entity description: Article XX of GATT 1994 is the general exceptions clause that allows WTO members to justify trade-restrictive measures that would otherwise violate GATT obligations, provided they meet specified conditions such as necessity and non-discrimination.

A. Article III of GATT 1994
Article III of GATT 1994 is a core provision of the WTO legal framework that establishes the national treatment obligation, requiring WTO members to treat imported products no less favorably than like domestic products in respect of internal taxation and regulation.
B. GATT Article XIX
GATT Article XIX is the safeguard provision in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that allows countries to temporarily restrict imports to protect domestic industries from serious injury caused by sudden import surges.
C. Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994
The Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994, commonly known as the Anti-Dumping Agreement, sets out detailed rules for how World Trade Organization members may investigate and apply measures against dumped imports that cause injury to domestic industries.
D. Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994
The Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994, commonly known as the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement, sets out rules for determining the customs value of imported goods to ensure fair, uniform, and neutral application of trade regulations.
E. Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
The Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, often called the Subsidies Code, was a GATT-era multilateral treaty that clarified and disciplined the use of subsidies and countervailing measures in international trade before the establishment of the WTO.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (47)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	general exceptions clause ⓘ treaty provision ⓘ
appliesTo	WTO members ⓘ
burdenOfProof	on the member invoking the exception ⓘ
chapeauRequirement	no arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail ⓘ no disguised restriction on international trade ⓘ
condition	measure must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner consistent with the chapeau ⓘ measure must be necessary or related as specified in the relevant paragraph ⓘ
contains	chapeau ⓘ paragraph (a) ⓘ paragraph (b) ⓘ paragraph (d) ⓘ paragraph (g) ⓘ paragraph (j) ⓘ
doesNotApplyTo	GATS obligations ⓘ TRIPS Agreement obligations ⓘ
firstTier	measure must fall under at least one specific paragraph (a)–(j) ⓘ
historicalOrigin	Article XX of GATT 1947 ⓘ linked to: Article XX of GATT 1994
interpretationPrinciple	exception provisions are interpreted narrowly but effectively ⓘ
interpretedBy	WTO Appellate Body ⓘ WTO panels ⓘ
legalEffect	can justify violations of GATT obligations if conditions are met ⓘ
legalSystem	World Trade Organization law ⓘ
modelFor	general exceptions in other WTO agreements ⓘ
paragraphA	measures necessary to protect public morals ⓘ
paragraphB	measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health ⓘ
paragraphD	measures necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations not inconsistent with GATT ⓘ
paragraphG	measures relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources if made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or consumption ⓘ
paragraphJ	measures essential to the acquisition or distribution of products in general or local short supply ⓘ
partOf	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 ⓘ linked to: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization ⓘ
policyObjective	to balance trade liberalization with public interest objectives ⓘ to preserve regulatory autonomy of WTO members ⓘ
purpose	to allow justification of otherwise GATT-inconsistent trade measures ⓘ to provide general exceptions to GATT 1994 obligations ⓘ
relatedConcept	balancing of trade and non-trade values ⓘ least trade-restrictive alternative analysis ⓘ necessity test ⓘ
requires	good faith application of the measure ⓘ satisfaction of a two-tier legal test ⓘ
scope	applies to measures inconsistent with substantive GATT provisions such as Articles I, III, and XI ⓘ
secondTier	measure must comply with the chapeau requirements ⓘ
textualContinuity	largely identical to Article XX of GATT 1947 ⓘ
typicalInvocations	environmental protection measures ⓘ measures to enforce domestic law ⓘ public health measures ⓘ
usedIn	WTO dispute settlement ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (10)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Article III:4 → relatedTo → Article XX of GATT 1994 ⓘ

Article III of GATT 1994 → relatedTo → Article XX of GATT 1994 ⓘ

Article XX of GATT 1994 → historicalOrigin → Article XX of GATT 1947 ⓘ