Hokan languages

E11435

Hokan languages are a proposed but controversial grouping of several Native American language families of the western United States and Mexico that share certain typological and lexical similarities.

AI illustration

How this image was made

AI-generated illustration of Hokan languages

This AI-generated illustration was produced by black-forest-labs/FLUX.2-dev (1024x1024) from a prompt written by openai/gpt-oss-120b from the entity's label + description.

Prompt

Generate an image of Hokan languages (Hokan languages are a proposed but controversial grouping of several Native American language families of the western United States and Mexico that share certain typological and lexical similarities.)

All labels observed (10)

How this entity was disambiguated

Statements (46)

Predicate Object
instanceOf hypothetical language family ⓘ
linguistic hypothesis ⓘ
proposed language macrofamily ⓘ
basisOfGrouping phonological similarities ⓘ
shared lexical items ⓘ
shared morphological patterns ⓘ
continent North America ⓘ
documentationStatus many member languages extinct or endangered ⓘ
fieldOfStudy Native American linguistics ⓘ
historical linguistics ⓘ
hasCharacteristic lexical similarities among member languages ⓘ
typological similarities among member languages ⓘ
hasIssue insufficient regular sound correspondences demonstrated ⓘ
lack of consensus on membership of families ⓘ
possible influence of language contact ⓘ
hasSubgroup California Hokan ⓘ
Northern Hokan ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages

Southern Hokan ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
includes Chimariko language ⓘ
Coahuiltecan languages ⓘ
Esselen language ⓘ
Karuk language ⓘ
Pomoan languages ⓘ
linked to: Miwok languages

Salinan language ⓘ
Seri language ⓘ
Shasta language ⓘ
Tequistlatecan languages ⓘ
Washo language ⓘ
Yana language ⓘ
Yokutsan languages ⓘ
Yuman languages ⓘ
namedAfter word for two in several proposed member languages ⓘ
proposalDate early 20th century ⓘ
proposedBy Alfred L. Kroeber ⓘ
Roland B. Dixon ⓘ
region Mexico ⓘ
western United States ⓘ
relatedConcept Amerind hypothesis ⓘ
Penutian languages ⓘ
spokenIn Arizona ⓘ
Baja California ⓘ
California ⓘ
Oregon ⓘ
northwestern Mexico ⓘ
status controversial ⓘ
not widely accepted by historical linguists ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (45)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Yuman language family → subclassOf → Hokan languages ⓘ
Hokan languages → hasSubgroup → Northern Hokan ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Hokan languages → hasSubgroup → Southern Hokan ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Cocopa language → languageFamily → Hokan (proposed) language family ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Ipai language → languageFamily → Hokan (proposed) language family ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Havasupai–Hualapai language → partOf → Hokan language stock (proposed) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Kumeyaay language → languageFamily → Hokan language family ⓘ
subject linked to: Kumeyaay people
linked to: Hokan languages
Upland Yuman → subclassOf → Hokan languages (proposed) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Tipai → partOf → Hokan language phylum (proposed) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Yana language → subclassOf → Hokan language family (proposed) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Salinan language → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
California Hokan → partOf → Hokan language family ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Shasta language → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
Shasta language → hasCategory → Hokan languages ⓘ
Chimariko language → isPartOf → Hokan language phylum (hypothetical) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Esselen language → possibleFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
Karok → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
Cocopah people → languageFamily → Hokan language family (proposed) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Karuk people → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
Salinan people → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
Mission Indians → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
Hokan (proposed) → hasSubgroupProposed → Northern Hokan ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Hokan (proposed) → hasSubgroupProposed → Southern Hokan ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Havasupai–Walapai–Yavapai → partOf → Hokan language phylum (proposed) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Core Yuman → subclassOf → Hokan languages (proposed) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Mesa Grande Diegueño → languageFamily → Hokan (proposed) language family ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Delta–California Yuman → subclassOf → Hokan languages (proposed) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Shastan → subclassOf → Hokan languages ⓘ
Shastan languages → subclassOf → Hokan languages ⓘ
Scott Valley Shasta → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
Pomoan languages → subclassOf → Hokan languages ⓘ
Yana people → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
Konomihu → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
Chimariko people → linguisticFamily → Hokan language family (proposed) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Shasta → languageFamily → Hokan language family ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Northeastern Pomo → subclassOf → Hokan languages ⓘ
New River Shasta → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
Atsugewi language → subclassOf → Hokan languages (proposed) ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Salinan language → languageFamily → Hokan languages ⓘ
subject linked to: Salinan
Salinan Indians → languageFamily → Hokan language family ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Salinas Indians → traditionalLanguageFamily → Hokan language family ⓘ
linked to: Hokan languages
Hokan stock → hasAlternativeName → Hokan languages ⓘ