Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education

E108704

Title IX case United States Supreme Court case

Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that held individuals are protected from retaliation when they complain about sex discrimination in educational programs receiving federal funding.

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All labels observed (2)

Label	Occurrences
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education canonical	8
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 544 U.S. 167 (2005)	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T913285 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education
Context triple: [Title IX, notableCase, Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education]

A. Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County was a landmark civil rights case challenging racial segregation in Virginia’s public schools that became one of the five cases consolidated into the U.S. Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision.
B. Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education is the landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the “separate but equal” doctrine.
C. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas was the school district authority that served as a central defendant in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court desegregation cases following Brown v. Board of Education.
D. Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education was an 1899 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation in public education by allowing a Georgia county to close a Black high school while maintaining white schools, reinforcing the “separate but equal” doctrine later challenged in Brown v. Board of Education.
E. Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle was the landmark 1956 federal court case that declared bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama unconstitutional, effectively ending the Montgomery bus boycott and striking a major blow against Jim Crow laws.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education
Target entity description: Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that held individuals are protected from retaliation when they complain about sex discrimination in educational programs receiving federal funding.

A. Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County was a landmark civil rights case challenging racial segregation in Virginia’s public schools that became one of the five cases consolidated into the U.S. Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision.
B. Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education is the landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the “separate but equal” doctrine.
C. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas was the school district authority that served as a central defendant in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court desegregation cases following Brown v. Board of Education.
D. Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education was an 1899 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation in public education by allowing a Georgia county to close a Black high school while maintaining white schools, reinforcing the “separate but equal” doctrine later challenged in Brown v. Board of Education.
E. Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle was the landmark 1956 federal court case that declared bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama unconstitutional, effectively ending the Montgomery bus boycott and striking a major blow against Jim Crow laws.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (48)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	Title IX case ⓘ United States Supreme Court case ⓘ
areaOfLaw	anti-discrimination law ⓘ civil rights law ⓘ education law ⓘ
arguedDate	2004-11-30 ⓘ
citation	544 U.S. 167 ⓘ
country	United States ⓘ linked to: United States of America
court	Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ
decision	judgment of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals was reversed ⓘ
decisionDate	2005-03-29 ⓘ
dissentingJustices	Anthony M. Kennedy ⓘ Antonin Scalia ⓘ Clarence Thomas ⓘ William H. Rehnquist ⓘ
docketNumber	02-1672 ⓘ
factualBackground	After his complaints, Jackson was removed from his coaching position ⓘ Jackson complained that the girls’ basketball team received unequal resources compared to the boys’ team ⓘ Roderick Jackson was a high school girls’ basketball coach in Birmingham, Alabama ⓘ
fullName	Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 544 U.S. 167 (2005) ⓘ linked to: Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education
holding	Retaliation against a person because they complain of sex discrimination is a form of intentional sex discrimination under Title IX ⓘ Title IX’s private right of action encompasses claims of retaliation against individuals who complain about sex discrimination ⓘ
impact	clarified that whistleblowers in educational settings are protected under Title IX ⓘ expanded protections for individuals who report sex discrimination in federally funded education programs ⓘ
jurisdiction	federal question jurisdiction ⓘ
landmarkStatus	recognized as a landmark case on retaliation under Title IX ⓘ
legalIssue	private right of action for retaliation ⓘ retaliation under Title IX ⓘ sex discrimination in education ⓘ
majorityJustices	David H. Souter ⓘ John Paul Stevens ⓘ Ruth Bader Ginsburg ⓘ Sandra Day O’Connor ⓘ Stephen G. Breyer ⓘ
majorityOpinionBy	Justice Sandra Day O’Connor ⓘ linked to: Sandra Day O’Connor
petitioner	Roderick Jackson ⓘ
precedentStatus	binding precedent on federal courts interpreting Title IX ⓘ
proceduralHistory	Lower courts dismissed Jackson’s Title IX retaliation claim ⓘ The Supreme Court granted certiorari to resolve whether Title IX covers retaliation claims ⓘ linked to: Title IX
programsCovered	educational programs receiving federal financial assistance ⓘ
protectedActivity	complaining about unequal treatment of girls’ athletic programs ⓘ
relatedConcept	Title IX enforcement ⓘ private right of action ⓘ retaliation ⓘ sex discrimination ⓘ
remedyType	damages and injunctive relief under Title IX ⓘ
respondent	Birmingham Board of Education ⓘ
statuteInterpreted	Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 ⓘ linked to: Title IX