Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
E816370
The Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988 is a U.S. law that empowers the Federal Maritime Commission to address unfair or discriminatory shipping practices by foreign governments or carriers affecting U.S. oceanborne trade.
All labels observed (4)
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T9699292 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988 Context triple: [United States Federal Maritime Commission, appliesLaw, Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988]
-
A.
Shipping Act of 1984
The Shipping Act of 1984 is a U.S. federal law that modernized and deregulated the international ocean shipping industry by promoting competition and reducing government oversight of carrier agreements and practices.
-
B.
Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998
The Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998 is a U.S. federal law that modernized and deregulated international ocean liner shipping by promoting confidential service contracts and greater competition in the maritime transport industry.
-
C.
Merchant Marine Act of 1970
The Merchant Marine Act of 1970 is a U.S. federal law that updated and expanded national maritime policy, including shipbuilding and fleet modernization programs, to strengthen the American merchant marine.
-
D.
Maritime Security Act of 1996
The Maritime Security Act of 1996 is a U.S. federal law that established a framework to maintain a modern, militarily useful U.S.-flag commercial fleet available to support national defense and economic security.
-
E.
Merchant Shipping Act
The Merchant Shipping Act is a key piece of United Kingdom legislation that regulates British merchant vessels, their registration, safety standards, and the rules under which they operate at sea.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988 Target entity description: The Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988 is a U.S. law that empowers the Federal Maritime Commission to address unfair or discriminatory shipping practices by foreign governments or carriers affecting U.S. oceanborne trade.
-
A.
Shipping Act of 1984
The Shipping Act of 1984 is a U.S. federal law that modernized and deregulated the international ocean shipping industry by promoting competition and reducing government oversight of carrier agreements and practices.
-
B.
Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998
The Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998 is a U.S. federal law that modernized and deregulated international ocean liner shipping by promoting confidential service contracts and greater competition in the maritime transport industry.
-
C.
Merchant Marine Act of 1970
The Merchant Marine Act of 1970 is a U.S. federal law that updated and expanded national maritime policy, including shipbuilding and fleet modernization programs, to strengthen the American merchant marine.
-
D.
Maritime Security Act of 1996
The Maritime Security Act of 1996 is a U.S. federal law that established a framework to maintain a modern, militarily useful U.S.-flag commercial fleet available to support national defense and economic security.
-
E.
Merchant Shipping Act
The Merchant Shipping Act is a key piece of United Kingdom legislation that regulates British merchant vessels, their registration, safety standards, and the rules under which they operate at sea.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (39)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States federal statute
ⓘ
maritime law ⓘ |
| aimsTo | protect U.S. carriers and shippers from unfavorable foreign shipping conditions ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
foreign carriers operating in U.S. foreign commerce
ⓘ
foreign governments that regulate ocean shipping affecting U.S. trade ⓘ |
| authorizes |
Federal Maritime Commission to investigate foreign shipping practices
ⓘ
linked to:
United States Federal Maritime Commission
Federal Maritime Commission to take remedial action against discriminatory foreign shipping practices ⓘ
linked to:
Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
|
| country |
United States
ⓘ
linked to:
United States of America
|
| empowers |
Federal Maritime Commission to impose fees or charges on foreign carriers
ⓘ
Federal Maritime Commission to impose sanctions on foreign carriers or governments ⓘ
linked to:
Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
Federal Maritime Commission to limit sailings of foreign carriers ⓘ
linked to:
Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
Federal Maritime Commission to suspend tariffs of foreign carriers ⓘ |
| enforcedBy |
Federal Maritime Commission
ⓘ
linked to:
United States Federal Maritime Commission
|
| jurisdiction |
United States federal government
ⓘ
linked to:
United States government
|
| legalArea |
international maritime transport
ⓘ
international trade regulation ⓘ |
| mechanism | unilateral U.S. regulatory measures against foreign discriminatory practices ⓘ |
| objective |
achieve more balanced market access for U.S. carriers in foreign trades
ⓘ
induce foreign governments to remove discriminatory shipping practices ⓘ |
| policyGoal |
ensure competitive conditions for U.S. ocean carriers
ⓘ
promote reciprocity and nondiscriminatory treatment for U.S. shipping interests ⓘ |
| protects |
U.S. exporters and importers using ocean transport
ⓘ
U.S. ocean common carriers ⓘ |
| purpose | to address unfair or discriminatory shipping practices by foreign governments or carriers affecting U.S. oceanborne trade ⓘ |
| regulates |
foreign governments’ shipping practices
ⓘ
foreign ocean common carriers ⓘ oceanborne foreign commerce of the United States ⓘ |
| regulatoryBody |
Federal Maritime Commission
ⓘ
linked to:
United States Federal Maritime Commission
|
| relatedTo |
Shipping Act of 1984
ⓘ
U.S. maritime regulatory framework ⓘ |
| sector |
international liner services
ⓘ
ocean shipping ⓘ |
| targets |
cargo reservation schemes that disadvantage U.S. carriers
ⓘ
limitations on U.S. carrier access to foreign ports or trades ⓘ unfavorable conditions to shipping in foreign trades ⓘ unreasonable or discriminatory fees and practices imposed on U.S. carriers ⓘ |
| typeOfSanction |
imposition of fees or charges on foreign carriers
ⓘ
limitation of sailings or port calls by foreign carriers ⓘ suspension of agreements or tariffs of foreign carriers ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988 Description of subject: The Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988 is a U.S. law that empowers the Federal Maritime Commission to address unfair or discriminatory shipping practices by foreign governments or carriers affecting U.S. oceanborne trade.
Referenced by (7)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
Board of Commissioners of the Federal Maritime Commission
→
hasLegalBasis
→
Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
ⓘ
subject linked to:
Board of Commissioners
subject linked to:
FMC
Bureau of Enforcement, Investigations, and Compliance
→
legalBasis
→
Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
ⓘ
Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
→
authorizes
→
Federal Maritime Commission to take remedial action against discriminatory foreign shipping practices
ⓘ
linked to: Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
→
empowers
→
Federal Maritime Commission to impose sanctions on foreign carriers or governments
ⓘ
linked to: Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988
→
empowers
→
Federal Maritime Commission to limit sailings of foreign carriers
ⓘ
linked to: Foreign Shipping Practices Act of 1988