Proto-Indo-European
E29856
Proto-Indo-European is the reconstructed common ancestor of the vast Indo-European language family, from which many ancient and modern languages of Europe and Asia are derived.
All labels observed (8)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Proto-Indo-European canonical | 39 |
| Proto-Indo-European language | 14 |
| Indo-European proto-language | 2 |
| Late Proto-Indo-European | 1 |
| Proto-Indo-European languages | 1 |
| Proto-Indo-European morphology | 1 |
| Proto-Indo-European religion | 1 |
| Proto-Indo-Europeans | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T209956 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Proto-Indo-European Context triple: [Proto-Celtic, subfamilyOf, Proto-Indo-European]
-
A.
Proto-Celtic
Proto-Celtic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Celtic languages, spoken in prehistoric times before their diversification into distinct branches such as Goidelic and Brythonic.
-
B.
Proto-Goidelic
Proto-Goidelic is the reconstructed early Celtic language stage that gave rise to the Goidelic branch, including Primitive Irish and later Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx.
-
C.
Indo-Europeans
Indo-Europeans were a Eurasian people speaking Indo-European languages whose migrations and cultural expansions gave rise to many of the major linguistic and ethnic groups across Europe and parts of Asia.
-
D.
Proto-Germanic
Proto-Germanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Germanic languages, including English, German, and the Norse languages.
-
E.
Indo-Iranian languages
Indo-Iranian languages are a major branch of the Indo-European language family that includes numerous related languages spoken across Iran, Afghanistan, the Indian subcontinent, and surrounding regions.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Proto-Indo-European Target entity description: Proto-Indo-European is the reconstructed common ancestor of the vast Indo-European language family, from which many ancient and modern languages of Europe and Asia are derived.
-
A.
Proto-Celtic
Proto-Celtic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Celtic languages, spoken in prehistoric times before their diversification into distinct branches such as Goidelic and Brythonic.
-
B.
Proto-Goidelic
Proto-Goidelic is the reconstructed early Celtic language stage that gave rise to the Goidelic branch, including Primitive Irish and later Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx.
-
C.
Indo-Europeans
Indo-Europeans were a Eurasian people speaking Indo-European languages whose migrations and cultural expansions gave rise to many of the major linguistic and ethnic groups across Europe and parts of Asia.
-
D.
Proto-Germanic
Proto-Germanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Germanic languages, including English, German, and the Norse languages.
-
E.
Indo-Iranian languages
Indo-Iranian languages are a major branch of the Indo-European language family that includes numerous related languages spoken across Iran, Afghanistan, the Indian subcontinent, and surrounding regions.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (61)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Indo-European language
ⓘ
proto-language ⓘ reconstructed language ⓘ |
| alternativeName |
Common Indo-European
ⓘ
PIE ⓘ |
| approximateDates |
3rd millennium BCE
ⓘ
4th millennium BCE ⓘ |
| attested | no ⓘ |
| fieldOfStudy |
Indo-European studies
ⓘ
historical linguistics ⓘ |
| hasCase |
ablative
ⓘ
accusative ⓘ dative ⓘ genitive ⓘ instrumental ⓘ locative ⓘ nominative ⓘ |
| hasDescendant |
Ancient Greek
ⓘ
English ⓘ French ⓘ German ⓘ Latin ⓘ Old Church Slavonic ⓘ
linked to:
Church Slavonic
Old English ⓘ Old Irish ⓘ Persian ⓘ
linked to:
Persian language
Proto-Anatolian ⓘ Proto-Balto-Slavic ⓘ
linked to:
Proto-Balto-Slavic language
Proto-Celtic ⓘ Proto-Germanic ⓘ Proto-Hellenic ⓘ
linked to:
Proto-Greek
Proto-Indo-Iranian ⓘ
linked to:
Proto-Indo-Iranian language
Proto-Italic ⓘ Proto-Tocharian ⓘ
linked to:
Tocharian languages
Russian ⓘ Sanskrit ⓘ Spanish ⓘ |
| hasGender |
feminine
ⓘ
masculine ⓘ neuter ⓘ |
| hasLexeme |
kw h ter (meaning "four")
ⓘ
m h ter (meaning "mother") ⓘ ph t r (meaning "father") ⓘ |
| hasMorphology | rich inflectional morphology ⓘ |
| hasNumber |
dual
ⓘ
plural ⓘ singular ⓘ |
| hasPhonologicalFeature |
ablaut
ⓘ
laryngeal consonants ⓘ |
| hasWordOrder | flexible ⓘ |
| homelandHypothesis | Kurgan hypothesis ⓘ |
| influenced | reconstruction of other proto-languages ⓘ |
| knownFrom | linguistic reconstruction ⓘ |
| languageFamily |
Indo-European
ⓘ
linked to:
Indo-European language family
|
| proposedHomeland | Pontic–Caspian steppe ⓘ |
| reconstructedBy | comparative method ⓘ |
| spokenIn | Eurasia ⓘ |
| timePeriod |
Copper Age
ⓘ
late Neolithic ⓘ |
| typology | fusional language ⓘ |
| writingSystem | none ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Proto-Indo-European Description of subject: Proto-Indo-European is the reconstructed common ancestor of the vast Indo-European language family, from which many ancient and modern languages of Europe and Asia are derived.
Referenced by (60)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
subject linked to:
Italo-Dalmatian language
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European
linked to: Proto-Indo-European