Shelley v. Kraemer
E18225
Shelley v. Kraemer is a landmark 1948 U.S. Supreme Court case that held courts could not enforce racially restrictive housing covenants, marking a major civil rights victory against residential segregation.
All labels observed (3)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Shelley v. Kraemer canonical | 18 |
| J.D. Shelley et ux. v. Louis Kraemer et ux. | 1 |
| Shelley v. Kraemer decision of 1948 | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T84540 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Shelley v. Kraemer Context triple: [Thurgood Marshall, notableWork, Shelley v. Kraemer]
-
A.
Briggs v. Elliott
Briggs v. Elliott was a landmark federal court case from South Carolina challenging racial segregation in public schools, and it became one of the key cases consolidated into Brown v. Board of Education.
-
B.
Katzenbach v. McClung
Katzenbach v. McClung is a 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the federal government’s power to prohibit racial discrimination in local restaurants under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
-
C.
Bolling v. Sharpe
Bolling v. Sharpe is a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racial segregation in Washington, D.C. public schools unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.
-
D.
Reed v. Reed
Reed v. Reed is a landmark 1971 U.S. Supreme Court case that for the first time struck down a law for discriminating on the basis of sex under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
-
E.
Craig v. Boren
Craig v. Boren is a 1976 U.S. Supreme Court case that established intermediate scrutiny as the standard for evaluating gender-based classifications under the Equal Protection Clause.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Shelley v. Kraemer Target entity description: Shelley v. Kraemer is a landmark 1948 U.S. Supreme Court case that held courts could not enforce racially restrictive housing covenants, marking a major civil rights victory against residential segregation.
-
A.
Briggs v. Elliott
Briggs v. Elliott was a landmark federal court case from South Carolina challenging racial segregation in public schools, and it became one of the key cases consolidated into Brown v. Board of Education.
-
B.
Katzenbach v. McClung
Katzenbach v. McClung is a 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the federal government’s power to prohibit racial discrimination in local restaurants under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
-
C.
Bolling v. Sharpe
Bolling v. Sharpe is a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case that held racial segregation in Washington, D.C. public schools unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.
-
D.
Reed v. Reed
Reed v. Reed is a landmark 1971 U.S. Supreme Court case that for the first time struck down a law for discriminating on the basis of sex under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
-
E.
Craig v. Boren
Craig v. Boren is a 1976 U.S. Supreme Court case that established intermediate scrutiny as the standard for evaluating gender-based classifications under the Equal Protection Clause.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (50)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States Supreme Court case
ⓘ
housing discrimination case ⓘ landmark civil rights case ⓘ |
| areaOfLaw |
civil rights law
ⓘ
constitutional law ⓘ property law ⓘ |
| arguedDate | 1948-01-15 ⓘ |
| citation |
334 U.S. 1
ⓘ
68 S. Ct. 836 ⓘ 92 L. Ed. 1161 ⓘ |
| constitutionalProvision |
Equal Protection Clause
ⓘ
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ
linked to:
Fourteenth Amendment
|
| court | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| decidedWith | McGhee v. Sipes ⓘ |
| decisionDate | 1948-05-03 ⓘ |
| docketNumber | 72 ⓘ |
| fullCaseName |
J.D. Shelley et ux. v. Louis Kraemer et ux.
ⓘ
linked to:
Shelley v. Kraemer
|
| historicalContext | pre–Brown v. Board of Education civil rights jurisprudence ⓘ |
| holding |
Judicial enforcement of racially restrictive covenants constitutes state action within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment
ⓘ
State courts may not enforce racially restrictive covenants on real estate ⓘ |
| impact |
expanded the concept of state action to include judicial enforcement of private agreements
ⓘ
limited the legal enforceability of racially restrictive covenants in the United States ⓘ marked a major civil rights victory against residential segregation ⓘ |
| joinedBy |
Felix Frankfurter
ⓘ
Frank Murphy ⓘ Harold H. Burton ⓘ Hugo L. Black ⓘ Robert H. Jackson ⓘ Stanley F. Reed ⓘ
linked to:
Stanley Forman Reed
Tom C. Clark ⓘ William O. Douglas ⓘ |
| jurisdiction |
United States
ⓘ
linked to:
United States of America
|
| legalIssue |
enforceability of racially restrictive covenants
ⓘ
state action under the Fourteenth Amendment ⓘ |
| locationOfProperty |
St. Louis, Missouri
ⓘ
linked to:
St. Louis, Missouri, United States
|
| majorityOpinionBy |
Fred M. Vinson
ⓘ
linked to:
Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson
|
| opinionType | unanimous decision in relevant part ⓘ |
| party |
Ethel Shelley
ⓘ
Fern Kraemer ⓘ J.D. Shelley ⓘ Louis Kraemer ⓘ |
| precedentFor |
cases challenging racially discriminatory housing practices
ⓘ
later civil rights litigation concerning state action ⓘ |
| rearguedDate | 1948-02-09 ⓘ |
| recognizedAs | landmark decision in U.S. civil rights history ⓘ |
| relatedCase |
Buchanan v. Warley
ⓘ
Corrigan v. Buckley ⓘ |
| subjectMatter |
racially restrictive housing covenants
ⓘ
residential segregation ⓘ |
| term | 1947 Term ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Shelley v. Kraemer Description of subject: Shelley v. Kraemer is a landmark 1948 U.S. Supreme Court case that held courts could not enforce racially restrictive housing covenants, marking a major civil rights victory against residential segregation.
Referenced by (20)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Shelley v. Kraemer
subject linked to:
Thoroughgood Marshall
linked to: Shelley v. Kraemer
subject linked to:
Thurgood Marshall (in part dissenting overall)