Wolfenstein parameterization
E815595
The Wolfenstein parameterization is an approximate, phenomenological way of expressing the CKM quark-mixing matrix in terms of a small expansion parameter λ and a few additional real parameters that capture the hierarchy of quark flavor-changing transitions.
All labels observed (5)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Wolfenstein parameter A | 2 |
| Wolfenstein parameter λ | 2 |
| Wolfenstein parameterization canonical | 2 |
| Buras parameterization | 1 |
| Wolfenstein parametrization | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T9689323 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Wolfenstein parameterization Context triple: [Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix, hasParameterization, Wolfenstein parameterization]
-
A.
Weyl
Weyl is a surname most famously associated with Hermann Weyl, a prominent 20th-century mathematician and theoretical physicist known for major contributions to group theory, quantum mechanics, and the foundations of mathematics.
-
B.
Infeld–van der Waerden formalism
The Infeld–van der Waerden formalism is a mathematical framework in general relativity that reformulates the theory using spinor calculus to describe gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
-
C.
Wolfenstein series
The Wolfenstein series is a long-running first-person shooter franchise, best known for its World War II and alternate-history settings in which players battle Nazi forces and occult or advanced-technology threats.
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D.
Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot
Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot is a virtual reality first-person shooter set in the Wolfenstein universe, where players control hacked Nazi war machines to aid the French Resistance in an alternate-history 1980s Paris.
-
E.
The Hessian
"The Hessian" is a historical novel by American writer Howard Fast that explores the moral and human complexities surrounding a captured German mercenary during the American Revolutionary War.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Wolfenstein parameterization Target entity description: The Wolfenstein parameterization is an approximate, phenomenological way of expressing the CKM quark-mixing matrix in terms of a small expansion parameter λ and a few additional real parameters that capture the hierarchy of quark flavor-changing transitions.
-
A.
Weyl
Weyl is a surname most famously associated with Hermann Weyl, a prominent 20th-century mathematician and theoretical physicist known for major contributions to group theory, quantum mechanics, and the foundations of mathematics.
-
B.
Infeld–van der Waerden formalism
The Infeld–van der Waerden formalism is a mathematical framework in general relativity that reformulates the theory using spinor calculus to describe gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
-
C.
Wolfenstein series
The Wolfenstein series is a long-running first-person shooter franchise, best known for its World War II and alternate-history settings in which players battle Nazi forces and occult or advanced-technology threats.
-
D.
Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot
Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot is a virtual reality first-person shooter set in the Wolfenstein universe, where players control hacked Nazi war machines to aid the French Resistance in an alternate-history 1980s Paris.
-
E.
The Hessian
"The Hessian" is a historical novel by American writer Howard Fast that explores the moral and human complexities surrounding a captured German mercenary during the American Revolutionary War.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (46)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
CKM matrix parameterization
ⓘ
phenomenological model ⓘ |
| appliesTo | three-generation quark sector ⓘ |
| approximate | yes ⓘ |
| approximationOrder | often truncated at O(λ³) ⓘ |
| assumes |
three real parameters and one complex phase encoded in A, ρ, η
ⓘ
|λ| ≪ 1 ⓘ |
| captures |
CP-violating phase via η
ⓘ
hierarchy of CKM matrix elements ⓘ strength of 2–3 mixing via A ⓘ structure of 1–3 mixing via ρ and η ⓘ |
| characterizes | quark flavor-changing transitions ⓘ |
| context | charged-current weak interactions ⓘ |
| describes | Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix ⓘ |
| expansionIn | small parameter λ ⓘ |
| field |
flavor physics
ⓘ
particle physics ⓘ |
| goal | make CKM hierarchy manifest ⓘ |
| hasRefinement |
Buras parameterization
ⓘ
linked to:
Wolfenstein parameterization
higher-order Wolfenstein-like expansions ⓘ |
| introducedInContextOf |
Standard Model of particle physics
ⓘ
linked to:
Standard Model
|
| matrixElementForm |
V_cb ≈ A λ²
ⓘ
V_tb ≈ 1 ⓘ V_td ≈ A λ³ (1 − ρ − i η) ⓘ V_ub ≈ A λ³ (ρ − i η) ⓘ V_ud ≈ 1 − λ²/2 ⓘ V_us ≈ λ ⓘ |
| namedAfter | Lincoln Wolfenstein ⓘ |
| property | unitarity satisfied order by order in λ ⓘ |
| relatedConcept |
CKM unitarity
ⓘ
unitarity triangle ⓘ |
| relatedTo | standard PDG parameterization of CKM matrix ⓘ |
| relatesTo |
Cabibbo angle
ⓘ
linked to:
Cabibbo theory
|
| representationType | power series in λ ⓘ |
| usedBy | high-energy physics community ⓘ |
| usedFor |
approximate expressions for CKM elements
ⓘ
flavor-changing weak interactions ⓘ phenomenological analysis of CP violation ⓘ |
| usedIn |
B-meson phenomenology
ⓘ
K-meson phenomenology ⓘ global fits of CKM parameters ⓘ |
| usesParameter |
A
ⓘ
η ⓘ λ ⓘ ρ ⓘ |
| validWhen | λ is numerically small (≈0.22) ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Wolfenstein parameterization Description of subject: The Wolfenstein parameterization is an approximate, phenomenological way of expressing the CKM quark-mixing matrix in terms of a small expansion parameter λ and a few additional real parameters that capture the hierarchy of quark flavor-changing transitions.
Referenced by (8)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Wolfenstein parameterization
linked to: Wolfenstein parameterization
linked to: Wolfenstein parameterization
linked to: Wolfenstein parameterization
linked to: Wolfenstein parameterization