Philippics (Demosthenes)

E792060

Athenian orations political orations series of speeches

The Philippics are a series of fiery political orations by the Athenian statesman Demosthenes, delivered to rally Athens against the rising power of Philip II of Macedon.

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All labels observed (7)

Label	Occurrences
Demosthenes’ Philippics	2
Fourth Philippic	2
Second Philippic	2
Third Philippic	2
First Philippic	1
Philippica	1
Philippics (Demosthenes) canonical	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T9311513 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Philippics (Demosthenes)
Context triple: [Olynthiacs, relatedWork, Philippics (Demosthenes)]

A. Cicero’s Philippics
Cicero’s Philippics are a series of speeches by the Roman orator Cicero vehemently denouncing Mark Antony and urging the Senate to defend the Republic after Julius Caesar’s assassination.
B. Funeral Oration of Pericles
The Funeral Oration of Pericles is a famous speech from Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War that praises Athenian democracy and the virtues of its fallen soldiers.
C. Philippicae
Philippicae is a series of speeches by the Roman orator Cicero vehemently attacking Mark Antony and defending the Roman Republic.
D. Panegyricus
Panegyricus is a famous rhetorical work by the Athenian orator Isocrates that advocates for Greek unity and leadership under Athens against Persia.
E. speeches of Lysias
The speeches of Lysias are a collection of classical Athenian forensic orations renowned for their clear, plain style and valuable insight into the legal and social life of democratic Athens.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Philippics (Demosthenes)
Target entity description: The Philippics are a series of fiery political orations by the Athenian statesman Demosthenes, delivered to rally Athens against the rising power of Philip II of Macedon.

A. Cicero’s Philippics
Cicero’s Philippics are a series of speeches by the Roman orator Cicero vehemently denouncing Mark Antony and urging the Senate to defend the Republic after Julius Caesar’s assassination.
B. Funeral Oration of Pericles
The Funeral Oration of Pericles is a famous speech from Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War that praises Athenian democracy and the virtues of its fallen soldiers.
C. Philippicae
Philippicae is a series of speeches by the Roman orator Cicero vehemently attacking Mark Antony and defending the Roman Republic.
D. Panegyricus
Panegyricus is a famous rhetorical work by the Athenian orator Isocrates that advocates for Greek unity and leadership under Athens against Persia.
E. speeches of Lysias
The speeches of Lysias are a collection of classical Athenian forensic orations renowned for their clear, plain style and valuable insight into the legal and social life of democratic Athens.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (47)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	Athenian orations ⓘ political orations ⓘ series of speeches ⓘ
aim	to persuade Athenians to resist Philip II militarily ⓘ to rally Athens against Macedonian expansion ⓘ
associatedWith	Athenian Assembly ⓘ linked to: Athenian Assembly (Ekklesia)
author	Demosthenes ⓘ
countryOfOrigin	Classical Athens ⓘ
criticizes	Athenian complacency ⓘ Macedonian interference in Greek affairs ⓘ
deliveredIn	Athens ⓘ
emphasizes	defense of Greek autonomy ⓘ urgency of collective Greek action against Macedon ⓘ
etymologicalImpact	gave rise to the term “philippic” meaning a bitter verbal attack ⓘ
field	ancient Greek political history ⓘ classical rhetoric ⓘ
genre	rhetorical oratory ⓘ
hasPart	First Philippic ⓘ linked to: Cicero’s Philippics Fourth Philippic ⓘ linked to: Philippics (Demosthenes) Second Philippic ⓘ linked to: Philippics (Demosthenes) Third Philippic ⓘ linked to: Philippics (Demosthenes)
historicalContext	decline of Athenian hegemony ⓘ
influenced	later concept of “philippic” as a bitter denunciation ⓘ
inspiredBy	threat of Macedonian domination of Greece ⓘ
language	Ancient Greek ⓘ
legacy	model of political resistance oratory ⓘ source for understanding Athenian-Macedonian relations ⓘ
mainSubject	Philip II of Macedon ⓘ
notableFor	calls for Athenian military preparedness ⓘ defense of Greek freedom ⓘ vehement attacks on Philip II ⓘ
opposedTo	Philip II of Macedon ⓘ
opposesPolicyOf	appeasement toward Philip II of Macedon ⓘ
politicalAlignment	pro-Athenian independence ⓘ
politicalContext	rise of Macedon under Philip II ⓘ
politicalGoal	formation of alliances against Philip II ⓘ reform of Athenian military funding and readiness ⓘ
relatedWork	Olynthiacs (Demosthenes) ⓘ linked to: Olynthiacs
rhetoricalStyle	deliberative oratory ⓘ forensic oratory ⓘ
studiedIn	ancient history ⓘ classics ⓘ rhetorical studies ⓘ
targetAudience	Athenian citizens ⓘ
timePeriod	4th century BC ⓘ
tone	fiery ⓘ urgent ⓘ

How these facts were elicited