Kondratiev waves
E764576
Kondratiev waves are long-term (roughly 40–60 year) economic cycles characterized by alternating periods of rapid growth and slower development, often linked to major technological and structural changes in the economy.
All labels observed (3)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Kondratiev waves canonical | 4 |
| Kondratieff waves | 1 |
| Kondratiev wave | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T8901329 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kondratiev waves Context triple: [Business Cycles, relatedConcept, Kondratiev waves]
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A.
National Bureau of Economic Research studies in business cycles
National Bureau of Economic Research studies in business cycles is a scholarly series of empirical and historical research volumes analyzing fluctuations and long-term patterns in the U.S. and global economies.
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B.
Business Cycle Dating Committee
The Business Cycle Dating Committee is a panel of economists that officially determines the dates of recessions and expansions in the U.S. economy.
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C.
Business Cycles in the United States of America, 1919–1932
"Business Cycles in the United States of America, 1919–1932" is an influential econometric study by Jan Tinbergen that analyzes and models U.S. economic fluctuations during the interwar period.
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D.
A Contribution to the Theory of the Trade Cycle
A Contribution to the Theory of the Trade Cycle is an influential economic work by John R. Hicks that develops a formal model to explain the causes and dynamics of business cycles.
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E.
Reports on the relation of corporate combinations to business cycles
"Reports on the relation of corporate combinations to business cycles" is an early 20th-century U.S. government study analyzing how large corporate consolidations influence economic fluctuations and business cycles.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kondratiev waves Target entity description: Kondratiev waves are long-term (roughly 40–60 year) economic cycles characterized by alternating periods of rapid growth and slower development, often linked to major technological and structural changes in the economy.
-
A.
National Bureau of Economic Research studies in business cycles
National Bureau of Economic Research studies in business cycles is a scholarly series of empirical and historical research volumes analyzing fluctuations and long-term patterns in the U.S. and global economies.
-
B.
Business Cycle Dating Committee
The Business Cycle Dating Committee is a panel of economists that officially determines the dates of recessions and expansions in the U.S. economy.
-
C.
Business Cycles in the United States of America, 1919–1932
"Business Cycles in the United States of America, 1919–1932" is an influential econometric study by Jan Tinbergen that analyzes and models U.S. economic fluctuations during the interwar period.
-
D.
A Contribution to the Theory of the Trade Cycle
A Contribution to the Theory of the Trade Cycle is an influential economic work by John R. Hicks that develops a formal model to explain the causes and dynamics of business cycles.
-
E.
Reports on the relation of corporate combinations to business cycles
"Reports on the relation of corporate combinations to business cycles" is an early 20th-century U.S. government study analyzing how large corporate consolidations influence economic fluctuations and business cycles.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (49)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
economic cycle theory
ⓘ
long-wave economic cycle ⓘ |
| alsoKnownAs |
K-waves
ⓘ
Kondratieff waves ⓘ
linked to:
Kondratiev waves
long waves ⓘ |
| associatedWith |
Joseph Schumpeter
ⓘ
capital accumulation ⓘ innovation clusters ⓘ long-term investment cycles ⓘ structural crises ⓘ technological revolutions ⓘ |
| characterizedBy |
alternating periods of rapid growth and slower development
ⓘ
association with major technological changes ⓘ association with structural changes in the economy ⓘ long-term fluctuations in economic growth ⓘ |
| coreIdea | capitalist economies exhibit recurrent long waves of boom and stagnation ⓘ |
| criticizedBy | many mainstream economists ⓘ |
| criticizedFor |
ex post pattern fitting
ⓘ
lack of rigorous statistical evidence ⓘ |
| field |
business cycle theory
ⓘ
economic history ⓘ macroeconomics ⓘ |
| hasPhase |
downswing phase
ⓘ
expansion phase ⓘ stagnation phase ⓘ upswing phase ⓘ |
| hasSupportFrom | some heterodox economists ⓘ |
| hasTypicalDuration | 40–60 years ⓘ |
| influencedBy |
demographic trends
ⓘ
globalization dynamics ⓘ institutional change ⓘ technological innovation ⓘ |
| linkedTo |
general purpose technologies
ⓘ
industrial revolutions ⓘ long-term interest rate movements ⓘ long-term price movements ⓘ major infrastructure systems ⓘ |
| namedAfter | Nikolai Kondratiev ⓘ |
| originCountryOfTheory | Soviet Union ⓘ |
| proposedBy | Nikolai Kondratiev ⓘ |
| proposedInDecade | 1920s ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Juglar cycles
ⓘ
Kitchin cycles ⓘ business cycles ⓘ |
| theoreticalStatus | controversial ⓘ |
| timeScaleComparedToBusinessCycle | longer ⓘ |
| usedIn |
analysis of capitalist development
ⓘ
long-term economic forecasting ⓘ technological forecasting ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Kondratiev waves Description of subject: Kondratiev waves are long-term (roughly 40–60 year) economic cycles characterized by alternating periods of rapid growth and slower development, often linked to major technological and structural changes in the economy.
Referenced by (6)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Kondratiev waves
linked to: Kondratiev waves