Article IX – Authentication and Identification
E71460
Article IX – Authentication and Identification is the portion of the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs how parties must prove that documents, records, and other items of evidence are genuine before they can be admitted in court.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Article IX Authentication and Identification | 3 |
| Article IX – Authentication and Identification canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T570054 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Article IX – Authentication and Identification Context triple: [Federal Rules of Evidence, containsArticle, Article IX – Authentication and Identification]
-
A.
Section IX
Section IX is the portion of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code that establishes qualification requirements for welding, brazing, and related procedures and personnel used in pressure equipment fabrication and repair.
-
B.
The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol
The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol is a standardized network protocol that defines methods for securely authenticating users and hosts in SSH connections using mechanisms such as passwords, public keys, and keyboard-interactive methods.
-
C.
Article IX
Article IX is the provision of the 1948 Genocide Convention that grants the International Court of Justice jurisdiction over disputes between states concerning the interpretation, application, or fulfillment of the Convention, including state responsibility for genocide.
-
D.
Article IX
Article IX is the section of the Florida Constitution that governs the state’s public education system, including the establishment, funding, and oversight of schools and related institutions.
-
E.
The Essence of Security
"The Essence of Security" is a book by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara that outlines his views on national security, nuclear strategy, and defense policy during the Cold War.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Article IX – Authentication and Identification Target entity description: Article IX – Authentication and Identification is the portion of the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs how parties must prove that documents, records, and other items of evidence are genuine before they can be admitted in court.
-
A.
Section IX
Section IX is the portion of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code that establishes qualification requirements for welding, brazing, and related procedures and personnel used in pressure equipment fabrication and repair.
-
B.
The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol
The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol is a standardized network protocol that defines methods for securely authenticating users and hosts in SSH connections using mechanisms such as passwords, public keys, and keyboard-interactive methods.
-
C.
Article IX
Article IX is the provision of the 1948 Genocide Convention that grants the International Court of Justice jurisdiction over disputes between states concerning the interpretation, application, or fulfillment of the Convention, including state responsibility for genocide.
-
D.
Article IX
Article IX is the section of the Florida Constitution that governs the state’s public education system, including the establishment, funding, and oversight of schools and related institutions.
-
E.
The Essence of Security
"The Essence of Security" is a book by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara that outlines his views on national security, nuclear strategy, and defense policy during the Cold War.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (47)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
article of the Federal Rules of Evidence
ⓘ
evidence rule ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
documents
ⓘ
records ⓘ tangible items of evidence ⓘ testimony used for identification ⓘ |
| definesStandard | sufficient evidence to support a finding of authenticity ⓘ |
| distinguishes | self-authenticating evidence from evidence requiring extrinsic proof ⓘ |
| governs |
admissibility of authenticated evidence
ⓘ
methods of proving genuineness of evidence ⓘ |
| hasPurpose | to govern authentication and identification of evidence ⓘ |
| hasSection |
Rule 901
ⓘ
Rule 902 ⓘ Rule 903 ⓘ |
| includesConcept |
authentication
ⓘ
authentication of business records ⓘ authentication of electronic evidence ⓘ authentication of emails and digital communications ⓘ authentication of handwriting ⓘ authentication of public records ⓘ authentication of recordings and photographs ⓘ authentication of telephone conversations ⓘ chain of custody ⓘ comparison by trier or expert witness ⓘ distinctive characteristics and circumstances ⓘ identification ⓘ self-authentication ⓘ testimony of a witness with knowledge ⓘ |
| influences | evidentiary rulings on genuineness of items ⓘ |
| jurisdiction |
federal courts of the United States
ⓘ
linked to:
federal judiciary of the United States
|
| legalSystem |
United States federal courts
ⓘ
linked to:
federal judiciary of the United States
|
| objective |
to ensure reliability of evidence admitted at trial
ⓘ
to prevent admission of forged or altered evidence ⓘ |
| partOf |
Federal Rules of Evidence
ⓘ
linked to:
rules of evidence for the federal courts
|
| preconditionFor | admission of exhibits into evidence ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Article VIII – Hearsay
ⓘ
Article X – Contents of Writings, Recordings, and Photographs ⓘ |
| requires |
foundation testimony or other proof of authenticity
ⓘ
proponent to produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is ⓘ |
| Rule 901 | requires authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility ⓘ |
| Rule 902 | lists categories of self-authenticating evidence ⓘ |
| Rule 903 | addresses subscribing witness’s testimony ⓘ |
| sourceOfLaw |
Federal Rules of Evidence enacted by Congress
ⓘ
linked to:
rules of evidence for the federal courts
|
| usedBy |
attorneys
ⓘ
judges ⓘ litigants in federal civil cases ⓘ litigants in federal criminal cases ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Article IX – Authentication and Identification Description of subject: Article IX – Authentication and Identification is the portion of the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs how parties must prove that documents, records, and other items of evidence are genuine before they can be admitted in court.
Referenced by (4)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject linked to:
rules of evidence for the federal courts
linked to: Article IX – Authentication and Identification
linked to: Article IX – Authentication and Identification
linked to: Article IX – Authentication and Identification