type-I superconductors
E66049
Type-I superconductors are materials that exhibit a complete loss of electrical resistance and expel magnetic fields (the Meissner effect) below a critical temperature, transitioning sharply between normal and superconducting states.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| type-I superconductors canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T529689 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: type-I superconductors Context triple: [Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity, appliesTo, type-I superconductors]
-
A.
Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity
The Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity is a phenomenological framework that describes superconductors using a complex order parameter and macroscopic equations to capture phase transitions, coherence length, and magnetic behavior.
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B.
BCS theory of superconductivity
The BCS theory of superconductivity is a fundamental microscopic theory that explains superconductivity through the formation of Cooper pairs of electrons and their collective quantum behavior in a solid.
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C.
Abrikosov vortices
Abrikosov vortices are quantized magnetic flux lines that penetrate type-II superconductors in a regular lattice when exposed to magnetic fields above a critical value.
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D.
Meissner effect
The Meissner effect is the phenomenon in which a superconductor expels magnetic fields from its interior when cooled below its critical temperature, leading to perfect diamagnetism.
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E.
Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors
The Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors is a theoretical framework that describes how magnetic vortices move and dissipate energy in type-II superconductors under applied currents and fields.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: type-I superconductors Target entity description: Type-I superconductors are materials that exhibit a complete loss of electrical resistance and expel magnetic fields (the Meissner effect) below a critical temperature, transitioning sharply between normal and superconducting states.
-
A.
Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity
The Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity is a phenomenological framework that describes superconductors using a complex order parameter and macroscopic equations to capture phase transitions, coherence length, and magnetic behavior.
-
B.
BCS theory of superconductivity
The BCS theory of superconductivity is a fundamental microscopic theory that explains superconductivity through the formation of Cooper pairs of electrons and their collective quantum behavior in a solid.
-
C.
Abrikosov vortices
Abrikosov vortices are quantized magnetic flux lines that penetrate type-II superconductors in a regular lattice when exposed to magnetic fields above a critical value.
-
D.
Meissner effect
The Meissner effect is the phenomenon in which a superconductor expels magnetic fields from its interior when cooled below its critical temperature, leading to perfect diamagnetism.
-
E.
Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors
The Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors is a theoretical framework that describes how magnetic vortices move and dissipate energy in type-II superconductors under applied currents and fields.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
condensed matter physics concept
ⓘ
superconductor type ⓘ |
| areCharacterizedBy |
complete flux expulsion below Hc
ⓘ
thermodynamic critical field Hc(T) ⓘ |
| areContrastedWith | type-II superconductors ⓘ |
| areDefinedBy | Ginzburg–Landau parameter kappa = lambda/xi less than 1/sqrt(2) ⓘ |
| areDescribedBy |
Ginzburg–Landau parameter kappa < 0.707
ⓘ
Ginzburg–Landau parameter kappa < 1/2 ⓘ |
| areDistinguishedBy | absence of two distinct critical fields Hc1 and Hc2 in bulk ⓘ |
| areLimitedBy | low critical current densities in practical fields ⓘ |
| areLimitedInUseFor | high-field magnet applications ⓘ |
| areModeledBy | BCS theory for conventional superconductors ⓘ |
| areOften | chemically simple compared to many type-II superconductors ⓘ |
| areSensitiveTo | sample geometry and demagnetization effects near Hc ⓘ |
| areStudiedIn | low-temperature physics ⓘ |
| areTypically | soft metals at low temperature ⓘ |
| areUsedAs | reference systems for testing superconductivity theories ⓘ |
| areUsedIn | fundamental studies of superconductivity ⓘ |
| doNotExhibit | mixed state of normal and superconducting regions in bulk form ⓘ |
| doNotSupport | stable Abrikosov vortex lattice in bulk ⓘ |
| exhibit |
Meissner effect
ⓘ
complete loss of electrical resistance below a critical temperature ⓘ second-order or weakly first-order phase transition at Tc depending on material and conditions ⓘ |
| expel | magnetic field from their interior in the superconducting state ⓘ |
| haveParameter |
coherence length xi
ⓘ
penetration depth lambda ⓘ |
| haveProperty |
macroscopic quantum coherence below Tc
ⓘ
perfect diamagnetism in the superconducting state ⓘ relatively low critical magnetic fields ⓘ relatively low critical temperatures compared to many type-II superconductors ⓘ single critical magnetic field Hc ⓘ surface energy between normal and superconducting phases is positive ⓘ zero electrical resistivity in the superconducting state ⓘ |
| includeExample |
aluminum (Al)
ⓘ
indium (In) ⓘ lanthanum (La) ⓘ lead (Pb) ⓘ mercury (Hg) ⓘ
linked to:
Mercury
tantalum (Ta) ⓘ thallium (Tl) ⓘ tin (Sn) ⓘ zinc (Zn) ⓘ |
| mayExhibit | intermediate state with normal and superconducting domains in non-ideal geometries ⓘ |
| obey | London equations in the superconducting state ⓘ |
| show | complete destruction of superconductivity when applied field exceeds Hc ⓘ |
| typicallyAre | pure elemental metals ⓘ |
| undergo | sharp transition between normal and superconducting states ⓘ |
| wereHistorically | first discovered class of superconducting materials ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: type-I superconductors Description of subject: Type-I superconductors are materials that exhibit a complete loss of electrical resistance and expel magnetic fields (the Meissner effect) below a critical temperature, transitioning sharply between normal and superconducting states.
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.