Josephson voltage standard
E629521
A Josephson voltage standard is a highly precise quantum-based device that uses the Josephson effect in superconducting junctions to generate and maintain an extremely accurate reference voltage for electrical metrology.
All labels observed (3)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Josephson voltage standard canonical | 1 |
| Josephson voltage standards | 1 |
| programmable Josephson voltage standard | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T6938930 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Josephson voltage standard Context triple: [Josephson constant, usedIn, Josephson voltage standard]
-
A.
Josephson constant
The Josephson constant is a fundamental physical constant that relates frequency to voltage in superconducting Josephson junctions and underpins the quantum standard of voltage.
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B.
Josephson effect
The Josephson effect is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which a supercurrent flows between two superconductors separated by a thin insulating barrier, enabling devices like SQUIDs and superconducting qubits.
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C.
Josephson
Josephson is a surname most notably associated with Brian David Josephson, the Nobel Prize–winning physicist known for discovering the Josephson effect in superconductivity.
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D.
Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors
The Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors is a theoretical framework that describes how magnetic vortices move and dissipate energy in type-II superconductors under applied currents and fields.
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E.
Electron Pump
Electron Pump is a fictional advanced energy-transfer device in Isaac Asimov’s novel "The Gods Themselves," enabling the exchange of matter and energy between parallel universes with catastrophic side effects.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Josephson voltage standard Target entity description: A Josephson voltage standard is a highly precise quantum-based device that uses the Josephson effect in superconducting junctions to generate and maintain an extremely accurate reference voltage for electrical metrology.
-
A.
Josephson constant
The Josephson constant is a fundamental physical constant that relates frequency to voltage in superconducting Josephson junctions and underpins the quantum standard of voltage.
-
B.
Josephson effect
The Josephson effect is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which a supercurrent flows between two superconductors separated by a thin insulating barrier, enabling devices like SQUIDs and superconducting qubits.
-
C.
Josephson
Josephson is a surname most notably associated with Brian David Josephson, the Nobel Prize–winning physicist known for discovering the Josephson effect in superconductivity.
-
D.
Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors
The Bardeen–Stephen model of flux flow in superconductors is a theoretical framework that describes how magnetic vortices move and dissipate energy in type-II superconductors under applied currents and fields.
-
E.
Electron Pump
Electron Pump is a fictional advanced energy-transfer device in Isaac Asimov’s novel "The Gods Themselves," enabling the exchange of matter and energy between parallel universes with catastrophic side effects.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (46)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
quantum electrical standard
ⓘ
voltage standard ⓘ |
| accuracyLevel | on the order of 10^-10 or better ⓘ |
| advantage |
direct link between voltage and fundamental constants
ⓘ
excellent reproducibility between laboratories ⓘ |
| basedOn | Josephson effect ⓘ |
| dependsOn |
Planck constant
ⓘ
elementary charge ⓘ |
| developedFor | quantum-based realization of electrical units ⓘ |
| enables |
calibration of voltage references
ⓘ
high-precision digital multimeter calibration ⓘ traceable voltage calibration ⓘ |
| field |
electrical metrology
ⓘ
quantum metrology ⓘ |
| governedBy | Josephson constant ⓘ |
| hasComponent |
Josephson junction array
ⓘ
linked to:
Josephson junction
bias circuitry ⓘ cryostat ⓘ microwave source ⓘ |
| hasPrinciple |
frequency-to-voltage conversion
ⓘ
quantized voltage steps ⓘ |
| hasProperty |
extremely high accuracy
ⓘ
long-term stability ⓘ quantized voltage levels ⓘ |
| hasType |
conventional Josephson voltage standard
ⓘ
programmable Josephson voltage standard ⓘ
linked to:
Josephson voltage standard
|
| measurementRange | from microvolts to tens of volts using junction arrays ⓘ |
| operatesAt | microwave frequencies ⓘ |
| programmableTypeEnables | synthesized arbitrary voltage waveforms ⓘ |
| programmableTypeUses | pulse-driven Josephson junction arrays ⓘ |
| purpose |
generation of highly accurate reference voltages
ⓘ
realization of the volt ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Josephson effect
ⓘ
SI unit volt ⓘ |
| relation | V = (n·h·f)/(2e) ⓘ |
| replaced | Zener-diode-based voltage standards in high-accuracy applications ⓘ |
| requires |
cryogenic temperatures
ⓘ
precise frequency control ⓘ superconducting state ⓘ |
| standardizedBy | International Bureau of Weights and Measures ⓘ |
| usedBy |
calibration laboratories
ⓘ
national metrology institutes ⓘ |
| usedIn |
international voltage comparisons
ⓘ
maintenance of national voltage standards ⓘ |
| uses |
microwave radiation
ⓘ
superconducting tunnel junctions ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Josephson voltage standard Description of subject: A Josephson voltage standard is a highly precise quantum-based device that uses the Josephson effect in superconducting junctions to generate and maintain an extremely accurate reference voltage for electrical metrology.
Referenced by (3)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Josephson voltage standard