steady-state cosmology
E436488
Steady-state cosmology is a now largely discredited cosmological model proposing an eternal, unchanging universe in which new matter is continuously created to maintain constant density despite expansion.
All labels observed (4)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| steady-state cosmology canonical | 2 |
| Bondi–Gold–Hoyle steady-state cosmological model | 1 |
| steady state theory | 1 |
| steady-state theory of the universe | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T4384200 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: steady-state cosmology Context triple: [hypothesis of the primeval atom, contrastsWith, steady-state cosmology]
-
A.
Einstein static universe
The Einstein static universe is a cosmological model proposed by Albert Einstein in which the universe is finite, spatially curved, and static, balanced by a cosmological constant that counteracts gravitational collapse.
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B.
FLRW cosmological models
FLRW cosmological models are a family of solutions to Einstein’s field equations that describe a homogeneous and isotropic expanding or contracting universe, forming the standard framework for modern cosmology.
-
C.
Big Bang cosmology
Big Bang cosmology is the prevailing scientific framework that explains the origin, early evolution, and large-scale structure of the universe as emerging from an extremely hot, dense initial state that has been expanding over time.
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D.
Lemaître–Hubble law
The Lemaître–Hubble law is the fundamental cosmological relation that expresses the proportionality between a galaxy’s recessional velocity and its distance, providing the first observational evidence for the expansion of the universe.
-
E.
The Expanding Universe
"The Expanding Universe" is a chapter in Stephen Hawking’s popular science book *A Brief History of Time* that explains how observations and cosmological theory reveal that the universe is growing larger over time.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: steady-state cosmology Target entity description: Steady-state cosmology is a now largely discredited cosmological model proposing an eternal, unchanging universe in which new matter is continuously created to maintain constant density despite expansion.
-
A.
Einstein static universe
The Einstein static universe is a cosmological model proposed by Albert Einstein in which the universe is finite, spatially curved, and static, balanced by a cosmological constant that counteracts gravitational collapse.
-
B.
FLRW cosmological models
FLRW cosmological models are a family of solutions to Einstein’s field equations that describe a homogeneous and isotropic expanding or contracting universe, forming the standard framework for modern cosmology.
-
C.
Big Bang cosmology
Big Bang cosmology is the prevailing scientific framework that explains the origin, early evolution, and large-scale structure of the universe as emerging from an extremely hot, dense initial state that has been expanding over time.
-
D.
Lemaître–Hubble law
The Lemaître–Hubble law is the fundamental cosmological relation that expresses the proportionality between a galaxy’s recessional velocity and its distance, providing the first observational evidence for the expansion of the universe.
-
E.
The Expanding Universe
"The Expanding Universe" is a chapter in Stephen Hawking’s popular science book *A Brief History of Time* that explains how observations and cosmological theory reveal that the universe is growing larger over time.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
cosmological model
ⓘ
scientific theory ⓘ |
| aimsToExplain | cosmic expansion with constant average density ⓘ |
| alternativeName |
perfect cosmological principle model
ⓘ
steady-state theory ⓘ |
| assumes |
large-scale homogeneity
ⓘ
large-scale isotropy ⓘ perfect cosmological principle holds at all times ⓘ |
| basedOn | perfect cosmological principle ⓘ |
| contradictedBy |
cosmic microwave background radiation observations
ⓘ
light element abundances explained by Big Bang nucleosynthesis ⓘ observed evolution of galaxies and quasars ⓘ observed evolution of radio source counts ⓘ |
| contrastsWith | Big Bang cosmology ⓘ |
| criticizedBy |
George Gamow
ⓘ
Martin Ryle ⓘ |
| developedBy |
Fred Hoyle
ⓘ
Hermann Bondi ⓘ Thomas Gold ⓘ |
| eraOfDevelopment | late 1940s ⓘ |
| facedMajorChallengeFrom | 1965 discovery of the cosmic microwave background ⓘ |
| field | physical cosmology ⓘ |
| historicalRole | major competitor to early Big Bang models in mid-20th century ⓘ |
| includesConcept | continuous creation of matter ⓘ |
| influenced | later quasi–steady-state cosmology models ⓘ |
| introducedInPublication |
1948 paper by Fred Hoyle
ⓘ
1948 papers by Bondi and Gold ⓘ |
| motivatedBy |
desire to avoid a cosmic beginning
ⓘ
philosophical preference for an eternal unchanging universe ⓘ |
| posits |
matter creation rate is extremely low per unit volume
ⓘ
mean matter density of the universe is constant over time ⓘ new hydrogen atoms are continuously created in space ⓘ no Big Bang event ⓘ no initial singularity ⓘ |
| predicts |
constant average age distribution of galaxies
ⓘ
exponential expansion with constant density ⓘ no cosmic microwave background remnant ⓘ no large-scale temporal evolution of galaxy populations ⓘ |
| proposes |
the large-scale properties of the universe are constant in time
ⓘ
the universe has no beginning ⓘ the universe has no end ⓘ the universe is eternal ⓘ the universe looks the same at all times and in all places on large scales ⓘ |
| rejectedBy | mainstream cosmology community by the 1970s ⓘ |
| requires | violation of local matter conservation ⓘ |
| status |
historically important but not widely accepted
ⓘ
largely discredited ⓘ |
| uses | general relativity with a matter-creation term ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: steady-state cosmology Description of subject: Steady-state cosmology is a now largely discredited cosmological model proposing an eternal, unchanging universe in which new matter is continuously created to maintain constant density despite expansion.
Referenced by (5)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: steady-state cosmology
linked to: steady-state cosmology
linked to: steady-state cosmology