Placodermi
E413360
Placodermi is an extinct class of armored prehistoric fishes that were among the earliest jawed vertebrates.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Placodermi canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T4111924 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Placodermi Context triple: [Gnathostomata, subdivision, Placodermi]
-
A.
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes is a class of cartilaginous fishes, including sharks, rays, and skates, characterized by skeletons made primarily of cartilage rather than bone.
-
B.
Sarcopterygii
Sarcopterygii is the class of lobe-finned fishes that includes the evolutionary ancestors of all tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
-
C.
Agnatha
Agnatha is a superclass of jawless vertebrates that includes modern lampreys and hagfishes as well as numerous extinct lineages.
-
D.
Holocephali
Holocephali is a subclass of cartilaginous fishes that includes the chimaeras, deep-sea relatives of sharks and rays characterized by a single gill opening and distinctive tooth plates.
-
E.
Gnathostomata
Gnathostomata is a major clade of jawed vertebrates that includes most living fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Placodermi Target entity description: Placodermi is an extinct class of armored prehistoric fishes that were among the earliest jawed vertebrates.
-
A.
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes is a class of cartilaginous fishes, including sharks, rays, and skates, characterized by skeletons made primarily of cartilage rather than bone.
-
B.
Sarcopterygii
Sarcopterygii is the class of lobe-finned fishes that includes the evolutionary ancestors of all tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
-
C.
Agnatha
Agnatha is a superclass of jawless vertebrates that includes modern lampreys and hagfishes as well as numerous extinct lineages.
-
D.
Holocephali
Holocephali is a subclass of cartilaginous fishes that includes the chimaeras, deep-sea relatives of sharks and rays characterized by a single gill opening and distinctive tooth plates.
-
E.
Gnathostomata
Gnathostomata is a major clade of jawed vertebrates that includes most living fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
armored fishes
ⓘ
extinct class of fishes ⓘ jawed vertebrates ⓘ |
| bodyPlan | heavily armored anterior body and relatively unarmored tail ⓘ |
| characteristic |
bony armor on head and thorax
ⓘ
cartilaginous internal skeleton ⓘ early development of jaws ⓘ jointed armored head and thoracic shields ⓘ paired pectoral fins ⓘ tooth plates instead of true teeth ⓘ |
| clade | Gnathostomata ⓘ |
| discoveredBy | recognized as a distinct group in the 19th century ⓘ |
| ecologicalRole |
benthic feeders
ⓘ
diverse marine predators ⓘ pelagic swimmers ⓘ |
| extinctionCause | Late Devonian biotic crisis ⓘ |
| firstAppearance |
Late Silurian
ⓘ
Silurian period ⓘ
linked to:
Silurian
|
| fossilRecord | abundant in Devonian strata ⓘ |
| geographicDistribution |
freshwater environments
ⓘ
worldwide marine environments ⓘ |
| importance |
among the earliest known jawed vertebrates
ⓘ
key group for understanding evolution of jaws ⓘ |
| included |
Antiarchi
ⓘ
Arthrodira ⓘ Bothriolepis ⓘ Coccosteus ⓘ Dunkleosteus ⓘ Petalichthyida ⓘ Phlyctaeniida ⓘ Ptyctodontida ⓘ Rhenanida ⓘ |
| kingdom | Animalia ⓘ |
| lacked |
true endochondral bone in most forms
ⓘ
true teeth ⓘ |
| lastAppearance |
Late Devonian
ⓘ
end-Devonian extinction ⓘ |
| notableSpecies |
Dunkleosteus terrelli
ⓘ
linked to:
Dunkleosteus
|
| phylum | Chordata ⓘ |
| reproduction |
evidence of viviparity in some taxa
ⓘ
some groups showed internal fertilization ⓘ |
| scientificNameAuthorship | Louis Agassiz ⓘ |
| sizeRange | from small bottom-dwellers to giant predators over 6 meters long ⓘ |
| status | extinct ⓘ |
| subphylum | Vertebrata ⓘ |
| taxonRank | class ⓘ |
| temporalRange | Silurian–Devonian ⓘ |
| typeLocality | Devonian deposits of Europe ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Placodermi Description of subject: Placodermi is an extinct class of armored prehistoric fishes that were among the earliest jawed vertebrates.
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.