The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’s provisions prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling schemes violate the anti-commandeering rule of the Tenth Amendment.
E403283
The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’s provisions prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling schemes are federal statutory rules that were struck down by the Supreme Court for unconstitutionally commandeering state legislatures in violation of the Tenth Amendment.
All labels observed (2)
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T3980946 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’s provisions prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling schemes violate the anti-commandeering rule of the Tenth Amendment. Context triple: [Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, holding, The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’s provisions prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling schemes violate the anti-commandeering rule of the Tenth Amendment.]
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A.
United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services
United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services is a landmark WTO dispute case concerning U.S. restrictions on online gambling services and their consistency with international trade rules under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
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B.
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act is a 1988 U.S. federal law that establishes the legal framework and regulatory structure for Native American gaming operations on tribal lands.
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C.
Oregon State Police Gaming Enforcement
Oregon State Police Gaming Enforcement is a specialized division responsible for regulating, monitoring, and enforcing laws related to legal gaming activities within the state of Oregon.
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D.
Rules of Amateur Status
The Rules of Amateur Status are golf regulations that define and govern who qualifies as an amateur player, particularly regarding eligibility, conduct, and restrictions on accepting prize money or sponsorship.
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E.
Partisan Prohibitions
Partisan Prohibitions were a series of political crackdowns and purges in late Han dynasty China targeting scholars and officials accused of factionalism and opposition to eunuch influence at court.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’s provisions prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling schemes violate the anti-commandeering rule of the Tenth Amendment. Target entity description: The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’s provisions prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling schemes are federal statutory rules that were struck down by the Supreme Court for unconstitutionally commandeering state legislatures in violation of the Tenth Amendment.
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A.
United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services
United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services is a landmark WTO dispute case concerning U.S. restrictions on online gambling services and their consistency with international trade rules under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
-
B.
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act is a 1988 U.S. federal law that establishes the legal framework and regulatory structure for Native American gaming operations on tribal lands.
-
C.
Oregon State Police Gaming Enforcement
Oregon State Police Gaming Enforcement is a specialized division responsible for regulating, monitoring, and enforcing laws related to legal gaming activities within the state of Oregon.
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D.
Rules of Amateur Status
The Rules of Amateur Status are golf regulations that define and govern who qualifies as an amateur player, particularly regarding eligibility, conduct, and restrictions on accepting prize money or sponsorship.
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E.
Partisan Prohibitions
Partisan Prohibitions were a series of political crackdowns and purges in late Han dynasty China targeting scholars and officials accused of factionalism and opposition to eunuch influence at court.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (36)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
United States Supreme Court holding
ⓘ
constitutional law principle ⓘ |
| addressesIssue |
division of authority between federal and state governments
ⓘ
federalism ⓘ state regulation of sports betting ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
state authorization of sports gambling schemes
ⓘ
state operation of sports gambling schemes ⓘ |
| appliesToStatute | Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act ⓘ |
| basedOnConstitutionalProvision | Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ⓘ |
| challengedBy |
State of New Jersey
ⓘ
linked to:
New Jersey, United States
|
| clarifies |
limits on congressional power under the Commerce Clause when regulating states directly
ⓘ
that Congress may regulate private actors directly but may not require states to regulate or refrain from regulating ⓘ |
| decidedInCase | Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association ⓘ |
| decisionDate | 2018-05-14 ⓘ |
| formerCaseName | Christie v. National Collegiate Athletic Association ⓘ |
| heldByCourt | Supreme Court of the United States ⓘ |
| impact |
enabled states to legalize and regulate sports betting
ⓘ
expanded scope of the anti-commandeering doctrine in modern federalism jurisprudence ⓘ |
| legalEffect |
invalidated key provisions of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act
ⓘ
prohibited Congress from dictating whether states may authorize sports gambling ⓘ |
| majorityOpinionBy |
Justice Samuel A. Alito Jr.
ⓘ
linked to:
Samuel A. Alito Jr.
|
| opposedBy |
Major League Baseball
ⓘ
National Basketball Association ⓘ National Collegiate Athletic Association ⓘ National Football League ⓘ National Hockey League ⓘ |
| reasoning |
Congress cannot issue direct orders to state legislatures
ⓘ
federal government may not commandeer state legislatures to maintain prohibitions on sports gambling ⓘ provisions telling states they may not authorize sports gambling are equivalent to direct commands to state legislatures ⓘ |
| relatedPrecedent |
New York v. United States (1992)
ⓘ
Printz v. United States (1997) ⓘ
linked to:
Printz v. United States
|
| relatesToDoctrine | anti-commandeering doctrine ⓘ |
| shortName | PAPSA anti-commandeering holding ⓘ |
| SupremeCourtDocketNumber | No. 16-476 ⓘ |
| UnitedStatesReportsCitation | 584 U.S. ___ ⓘ |
| voteSplit | 7-2 on anti-commandeering holding ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’s provisions prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling schemes violate the anti-commandeering rule of the Tenth Amendment. Description of subject: The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’s provisions prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling schemes are federal statutory rules that were struck down by the Supreme Court for unconstitutionally commandeering state legislatures in violation of the Tenth Amendment.
Referenced by (2)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association
→
holding
→
The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’s provisions prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling schemes violate the anti-commandeering rule of the Tenth Amendment.
ⓘ
subject linked to:
Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (2018)
Christie v. National Collegiate Athletic Association
→
legalClaim
→
PASPA violated the Tenth Amendment by dictating what state legislatures may and may not do
ⓘ
linked to: The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’s provisions prohibiting state authorization of sports gambling schemes violate the anti-commandeering rule of the Tenth Amendment.