Shahmukhi script
E27965
Shahmukhi script is a Perso-Arabic–based writing system primarily used for writing the Punjabi language in Pakistan.
All labels observed (6)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Shahmukhi script canonical | 26 |
| Shahmukhi | 7 |
| Punjabi language (Shahmukhi) | 2 |
| Jawi script | 1 |
| Saraiki alphabet | 1 |
| Shahmukhi script (for Punjabi and Lahnda varieties) | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T212337 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Shahmukhi script Context triple: [Perso-Arabic script, hasVariant, Shahmukhi script]
-
A.
Brahmi script
The Brahmi script is one of the oldest writing systems of the Indian subcontinent, serving as the ancestor of most modern South and Southeast Asian scripts.
-
B.
Sharada script
The Sharada script is an ancient Brahmic writing system historically used in the northwestern Indian subcontinent, especially in Kashmir, primarily for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri.
-
C.
Diwani script
Diwani script is an ornate Ottoman-era style of Arabic calligraphy characterized by its intricate, flowing lines and dense, decorative composition often used in royal decrees and official documents.
-
D.
Grantha script
Grantha script is a historical South Indian writing system primarily used to record Sanskrit texts, especially in the Tamil-speaking regions.
-
E.
Ruqʿah script
Ruqʿah script is a simple, highly legible Arabic handwriting style commonly used for everyday writing and official documents in the Arab world.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Shahmukhi script Target entity description: Shahmukhi script is a Perso-Arabic–based writing system primarily used for writing the Punjabi language in Pakistan.
-
A.
Brahmi script
The Brahmi script is one of the oldest writing systems of the Indian subcontinent, serving as the ancestor of most modern South and Southeast Asian scripts.
-
B.
Sharada script
The Sharada script is an ancient Brahmic writing system historically used in the northwestern Indian subcontinent, especially in Kashmir, primarily for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri.
-
C.
Diwani script
Diwani script is an ornate Ottoman-era style of Arabic calligraphy characterized by its intricate, flowing lines and dense, decorative composition often used in royal decrees and official documents.
-
D.
Grantha script
Grantha script is a historical South Indian writing system primarily used to record Sanskrit texts, especially in the Tamil-speaking regions.
-
E.
Ruqʿah script
Ruqʿah script is a simple, highly legible Arabic handwriting style commonly used for everyday writing and official documents in the Arab world.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (49)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Perso-Arabic script
ⓘ
alphabet ⓘ writing system ⓘ |
| associatedReligion | Islam (sociolinguistic association) ⓘ |
| associatedWith | Punjabi language in Pakistan ⓘ |
| closelyRelatedTo |
Persian script
ⓘ
linked to:
Perso-Arabic script
Urdu script ⓘ
linked to:
Perso-Arabic script
|
| comparedWith | Gurmukhi script used in India for Punjabi ⓘ |
| contrastWith |
Gurmukhi script
ⓘ
linked to:
Gurmukhi
|
| country | Pakistan ⓘ |
| derivedFrom |
Arabic script
ⓘ
Persian script ⓘ |
| digitalUsage |
used in social media for Punjabi in Pakistan
ⓘ
used on websites for Punjabi in Pakistan ⓘ |
| direction | right-to-left ⓘ |
| hasContextualLetterForms | initial medial final isolated ⓘ |
| hasEncoding | represented using Arabic and Urdu Unicode blocks ⓘ |
| hasFeature |
Nastaliq-style calligraphy
ⓘ
consonant-based writing ⓘ optional vowel diacritics ⓘ |
| hasLetterSetSimilarity |
Persian alphabet
ⓘ
linked to:
Perso-Arabic script
Urdu alphabet ⓘ |
| hasTransliteration | romanization systems for Punjabi ⓘ |
| historicalInfluenceFrom |
Persian administrative tradition in South Asia
ⓘ
Urdu literary tradition ⓘ |
| language |
Punjabi
ⓘ
linked to:
Punjabi language
|
| orthographicType | abjad ⓘ |
| primaryUsageRegion | Pakistan ⓘ |
| region |
Punjab region (Pakistan)
ⓘ
linked to:
Punjab, Pakistan
|
| scriptCodeStandard | none widely standardized in ISO 15924 (as of 2024) ⓘ |
| scriptFamily |
Arabic script
ⓘ
linked to:
Arabic alphabet
Perso-Arabic script ⓘ |
| scriptType | cursive script ⓘ |
| typicalCalligraphicStyle |
Nastaliq
ⓘ
linked to:
Nastaʿlīq
|
| usedBy | Punjabi Muslims ⓘ |
| usedFor |
Punjabi folk poetry in Pakistan
ⓘ
Punjabi literature ⓘ Punjabi magazines ⓘ Punjabi newspapers ⓘ Punjabi popular music lyrics in Pakistan ⓘ Punjabi religious texts ⓘ |
| usedIn |
Punjab province, Pakistan
ⓘ
linked to:
Punjab, Pakistan
|
| usedInEducation | Punjabi language teaching in Pakistan (limited) ⓘ |
| usesAdditionalLettersFrom |
Persian script
ⓘ
Urdu script ⓘ
linked to:
Perso-Arabic script
|
| writingSystemFor |
Hindko language (to some extent)
ⓘ
Punjabi language ⓘ Saraiki language (to some extent) ⓘ |
| writingSystemStatus | de facto standard for Punjabi in Pakistan ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Shahmukhi script Description of subject: Shahmukhi script is a Perso-Arabic–based writing system primarily used for writing the Punjabi language in Pakistan.
Referenced by (38)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Shahmukhi script
linked to: Shahmukhi script
linked to: Shahmukhi script
linked to: Shahmukhi script
linked to: Shahmukhi script
Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages
→
writingSystemUsed
→
Shahmukhi script (for Punjabi and Lahnda varieties)
ⓘ
linked to: Shahmukhi script
linked to: Shahmukhi script
linked to: Shahmukhi script
linked to: Shahmukhi script
linked to: Shahmukhi script
linked to: Shahmukhi script