law of large numbers

E141078

The law of large numbers is a fundamental theorem in probability theory stating that as the number of independent trials increases, the sample average converges to the expected value.

All labels observed (4)

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Statements (48)

Predicate Object
instanceOf law of large numbers variant ⓘ
law of large numbers variant ⓘ
limit theorem ⓘ
probability theorem ⓘ
statistical law ⓘ
alsoKnownAs LLN ⓘ
appliesTo independent identically distributed random variables ⓘ
assumption finite variance in many standard forms ⓘ
identical distribution of trials ⓘ
independence of trials ⓘ
category asymptotic result ⓘ
clarifies long-run behavior does not predict short-term outcomes ⓘ
concerns convergence of sample mean ⓘ
long-run relative frequencies ⓘ
convergenceType almost sure convergence ⓘ
convergence in probability ⓘ
field probability theory ⓘ
statistics ⓘ
focusesOn expected value ⓘ
sample mean ⓘ
formalizedIn measure-theoretic probability ⓘ
formalStatementInvolves limits of sample means ⓘ
probability measures ⓘ
guarantees stabilization of averages with large sample size ⓘ
hasForm strong law of large numbers ⓘ
weak law of large numbers ⓘ
historicalContributor Andrey Kolmogorov ⓘ
linked to: Andrei Kolmogorov

Jacob Bernoulli ⓘ
linked to: Jakob Bernoulli

Émile Borel ⓘ
implies empirical mean approximates theoretical mean ⓘ
relative frequency approximates probability ⓘ
isFoundationFor frequency-based probability interpretation ⓘ
large-sample statistical theory ⓘ
mathematicalObject sequence of random variables ⓘ
misconception gambler's fallacy ⓘ
relatesTo central limit theorem ⓘ
ergodic theorem ⓘ
requires existence of finite expected value ⓘ
increasing number of trials ⓘ
states sample average converges to expected value as number of trials increases ⓘ
typicalExample repeated coin tosses ⓘ
repeated dice rolls ⓘ
usedIn Monte Carlo methods ⓘ
linked to: Monte Carlo method

actuarial science ⓘ
frequentist interpretation of probability ⓘ
quality control ⓘ
risk theory ⓘ
statistical estimation ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (20)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Jakob Bernoulli → notableConcept → law of large numbers ⓘ
CLT → relatedTo → law of large numbers ⓘ
Monte Carlo method → basedOn → law of large numbers ⓘ
Théorie analytique des probabilités → topic → law of large numbers ⓘ
Jakob Bernoulli → knownFor → law of large numbers ⓘ
subject linked to: Bernoulli
Bernoulli family → knownFor → law of large numbers ⓘ
Bernoulli trials → relatedTo → law of large numbers ⓘ
law of large numbers → hasForm → weak law of large numbers ⓘ
linked to: law of large numbers
Probability theory → usesConcept → law of large numbers ⓘ
subject linked to: Probability Theory
The Doctrine of Chances → contributedTo → law of large numbers ⓘ
Andrey Markov → contributedTo → law of large numbers ⓘ
Khinchin's law of the iterated logarithm → refines → strong law of large numbers ⓘ
linked to: law of large numbers
Limit Laws for Sums of Independent Random Variables → topic → weak law of large numbers ⓘ
linked to: law of large numbers
Siméon Denis Poisson → notableWork → Poisson's law of large numbers formulation ⓘ
subject linked to: Siméon
linked to: law of large numbers
LLN → fullName → law of large numbers ⓘ
LLN → hasVariant → weak law of large numbers ⓘ
linked to: law of large numbers
The Taming of Chance → hasTopic → law of large numbers ⓘ
Lyapunov central limit theorem → relatedTo → law of large numbers ⓘ
The Lore of Large Numbers → isAbout → law of large numbers ⓘ