Helmholtz free energy

Target entity: Helmholtz free energy
Context triple: [Gibbs free energy, relatedTo, Helmholtz free energy]

• A. Gibbs free energy
  Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that predicts the spontaneity of processes and the maximum non-expansion work obtainable from a system at constant temperature and pressure.
• B. Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances
  Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances is a foundational 1923 textbook by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall that systematically applied thermodynamic principles to chemical equilibria and free energy, helping to establish modern physical chemistry.
• C. Clausius theorem
  The Clausius theorem is a fundamental result in thermodynamics that formalizes the second law by relating the cyclic integral of heat transfer over temperature to entropy, showing that this quantity is always less than or equal to zero for any cyclic process.
• D. Sackur–Tetrode equation
  The Sackur–Tetrode equation is a fundamental formula in statistical mechanics that gives the absolute entropy of an ideal monatomic gas in terms of its volume, temperature, and particle number.
• E. Onsager–Machlup function
  The Onsager–Machlup function is a functional in stochastic process theory that characterizes the most probable paths of fluctuating systems, playing a key role in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and large deviation theory.
• F. None of above. chosen
• G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

Target entity: Helmholtz free energy
Target entity description: Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed system at constant temperature and volume.

• A. Gibbs free energy
  Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that predicts the spontaneity of processes and the maximum non-expansion work obtainable from a system at constant temperature and pressure.
• B. Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances
  Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances is a foundational 1923 textbook by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall that systematically applied thermodynamic principles to chemical equilibria and free energy, helping to establish modern physical chemistry.
• C. Clausius theorem
  The Clausius theorem is a fundamental result in thermodynamics that formalizes the second law by relating the cyclic integral of heat transfer over temperature to entropy, showing that this quantity is always less than or equal to zero for any cyclic process.
• D. Sackur–Tetrode equation
  The Sackur–Tetrode equation is a fundamental formula in statistical mechanics that gives the absolute entropy of an ideal monatomic gas in terms of its volume, temperature, and particle number.
• E. Onsager–Machlup function
  The Onsager–Machlup function is a functional in stochastic process theory that characterizes the most probable paths of fluctuating systems, playing a key role in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and large deviation theory.
• F. None of above. chosen