Triple

T21838937
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject J. Richard Fisher E539199 entity
Predicate coAuthorOf P2389 FINISHED
Object “A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies”
“A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies” is a scientific paper that presents an innovative technique for measuring the distances to external galaxies, contributing to more accurate extragalactic distance scaling in astronomy.
E1504011 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: “A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies” | Statement: [J. Richard Fisher, coAuthorOf, “A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies”]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: “A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies”
Context triple: [J. Richard Fisher, coAuthorOf, “A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies”]
  • A. Hubble–Humason galaxy redshift measurements
    The Hubble–Humason galaxy redshift measurements are a landmark set of observations that extended and refined Edwin Hubble’s work on the expanding universe by systematically measuring the redshifts of distant galaxies.
  • B. A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae
    "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae" is Edwin Hubble’s landmark 1929 paper that established the linear relationship between galaxies’ distances and their recessional velocities, providing the first strong evidence for the expanding universe.
  • C. Tully-Fisher relation distances
    Tully-Fisher relation distances are galaxy distance measurements derived from the empirical correlation between a spiral galaxy’s luminosity and its rotational velocity.
  • D. Tolman surface brightness test
    The Tolman surface brightness test is an observational cosmology method that checks whether the universe is expanding by examining how the surface brightness of distant galaxies diminishes with redshift.
  • E. Hubble sequence of galaxy classification
    The Hubble sequence of galaxy classification is a morphological system that organizes galaxies into categories such as ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars based on their visual appearance.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: “A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies”
Triple: [J. Richard Fisher, coAuthorOf, “A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies”]
Generated description
“A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies” is a scientific paper that presents an innovative technique for measuring the distances to external galaxies, contributing to more accurate extragalactic distance scaling in astronomy.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: “A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies”
Target entity description: “A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies” is a scientific paper that presents an innovative technique for measuring the distances to external galaxies, contributing to more accurate extragalactic distance scaling in astronomy.
  • A. Hubble–Humason galaxy redshift measurements
    The Hubble–Humason galaxy redshift measurements are a landmark set of observations that extended and refined Edwin Hubble’s work on the expanding universe by systematically measuring the redshifts of distant galaxies.
  • B. A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae
    "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae" is Edwin Hubble’s landmark 1929 paper that established the linear relationship between galaxies’ distances and their recessional velocities, providing the first strong evidence for the expanding universe.
  • C. Tully-Fisher relation distances
    Tully-Fisher relation distances are galaxy distance measurements derived from the empirical correlation between a spiral galaxy’s luminosity and its rotational velocity.
  • D. Tolman surface brightness test
    The Tolman surface brightness test is an observational cosmology method that checks whether the universe is expanding by examining how the surface brightness of distant galaxies diminishes with redshift.
  • E. Hubble sequence of galaxy classification
    The Hubble sequence of galaxy classification is a morphological system that organizes galaxies into categories such as ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars based on their visual appearance.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69e0c475cda88190987d08f23caebdc1 completed April 16, 2026, 11:13 a.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69f0a7aaa4f081909e869d2e81b07b91 completed April 28, 2026, 12:27 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_6a0a45ef0edc819081b1dcd1225bd6d7 completed May 17, 2026, 10:49 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_6a0a470429148190ad08fd983d6288cc completed May 17, 2026, 10:53 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_6a0a47cca1c0819081d48d680f32f424 completed May 17, 2026, 10:57 p.m.
Created at: April 16, 2026, 6:55 p.m.