Triple

T18956119
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Kummer theory E463784 entity
Predicate relatesTo P37 FINISHED
Object Kummer pairing
Kummer pairing is a bilinear map in algebraic number theory that connects units or elements of a field with Galois cohomology, playing a central role in understanding abelian extensions via Kummer theory.
E1351142 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Kummer pairing | Statement: [Kummer theory, relatesTo, Kummer pairing]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kummer pairing
Context triple: [Kummer theory, relatesTo, Kummer pairing]
  • A. Weil pairing
    The Weil pairing is a bilinear, alternating, non-degenerate pairing on the torsion points of an elliptic curve, fundamental in number theory and modern cryptography.
  • B. Tate pairing
    The Tate pairing is a bilinear, non-degenerate pairing on the points of an elliptic curve (or abelian variety) over a finite field, fundamental in number theory and widely used in pairing-based cryptography.
  • C. Cassels–Tate pairing
    The Cassels–Tate pairing is a bilinear pairing on the Tate–Shafarevich group of an abelian variety over a number field that plays a central role in arithmetic geometry and the study of rational points.
  • D. Richelot isogeny
    The Richelot isogeny is a classical construction in algebraic geometry that gives a specific type of isogeny between principally polarized abelian surfaces, often described via genus-2 curves and their Jacobians.
  • E. Kronecker pairing
    The Kronecker pairing is a fundamental bilinear map in algebraic topology that evaluates cohomology classes on homology classes, linking the two via an integer (or field) value.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Kummer pairing
Triple: [Kummer theory, relatesTo, Kummer pairing]
Generated description
Kummer pairing is a bilinear map in algebraic number theory that connects units or elements of a field with Galois cohomology, playing a central role in understanding abelian extensions via Kummer theory.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kummer pairing
Target entity description: Kummer pairing is a bilinear map in algebraic number theory that connects units or elements of a field with Galois cohomology, playing a central role in understanding abelian extensions via Kummer theory.
  • A. Weil pairing
    The Weil pairing is a bilinear, alternating, non-degenerate pairing on the torsion points of an elliptic curve, fundamental in number theory and modern cryptography.
  • B. Tate pairing
    The Tate pairing is a bilinear, non-degenerate pairing on the points of an elliptic curve (or abelian variety) over a finite field, fundamental in number theory and widely used in pairing-based cryptography.
  • C. Cassels–Tate pairing
    The Cassels–Tate pairing is a bilinear pairing on the Tate–Shafarevich group of an abelian variety over a number field that plays a central role in arithmetic geometry and the study of rational points.
  • D. Richelot isogeny
    The Richelot isogeny is a classical construction in algebraic geometry that gives a specific type of isogeny between principally polarized abelian surfaces, often described via genus-2 curves and their Jacobians.
  • E. Kronecker pairing
    The Kronecker pairing is a fundamental bilinear map in algebraic topology that evaluates cohomology classes on homology classes, linking the two via an integer (or field) value.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d8dcffc278819086792a4ebfddfafa completed April 10, 2026, 11:20 a.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69e5d5cdf2d08190a0aecd3fa5335a75 completed April 20, 2026, 7:29 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_6a059fd529c8819099696dce6a9040de completed May 14, 2026, 10:11 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_6a05a161c8e88190a6f9c9abe3314487 completed May 14, 2026, 10:18 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_6a05a1cb500481908608daee7537dd0c completed May 14, 2026, 10:19 a.m.
Created at: April 10, 2026, noon