Triple

T13014329
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Francis E. Low E322506 entity
Predicate knownFor P22 FINISHED
Object Low’s soft-photon theorem
Low’s soft-photon theorem is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that precisely characterizes how amplitudes behave when low-energy (soft) photons are emitted in particle interactions.
E1015933 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Low’s soft-photon theorem | Statement: [Francis E. Low, knownFor, Low’s soft-photon theorem]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Low’s soft-photon theorem
Context triple: [Francis E. Low, knownFor, Low’s soft-photon theorem]
  • A. Gell-Mann–Low theorem
    The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
  • B. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • C. Ward–Takahashi identities
    The Ward–Takahashi identities are fundamental relations in quantum field theory that express the consequences of gauge or global symmetries for Green’s functions and ensure the consistency of renormalization with these symmetries.
  • D. Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian
    The Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian is a quantum electrodynamics result that captures nonlinear corrections to classical electromagnetism arising from virtual electron–positron pair effects in strong electromagnetic fields.
  • E. Slavnov–Taylor identities
    Slavnov–Taylor identities are relations in non-Abelian gauge theories that generalize Ward identities, ensuring the consistency and renormalizability of gauge-invariant quantum field theories.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Low’s soft-photon theorem
Triple: [Francis E. Low, knownFor, Low’s soft-photon theorem]
Generated description
Low’s soft-photon theorem is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that precisely characterizes how amplitudes behave when low-energy (soft) photons are emitted in particle interactions.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Low’s soft-photon theorem
Target entity description: Low’s soft-photon theorem is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that precisely characterizes how amplitudes behave when low-energy (soft) photons are emitted in particle interactions.
  • A. Gell-Mann–Low theorem
    The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
  • B. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • C. Ward–Takahashi identities
    The Ward–Takahashi identities are fundamental relations in quantum field theory that express the consequences of gauge or global symmetries for Green’s functions and ensure the consistency of renormalization with these symmetries.
  • D. Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian
    The Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian is a quantum electrodynamics result that captures nonlinear corrections to classical electromagnetism arising from virtual electron–positron pair effects in strong electromagnetic fields.
  • E. Slavnov–Taylor identities
    Slavnov–Taylor identities are relations in non-Abelian gauge theories that generalize Ward identities, ensuring the consistency and renormalizability of gauge-invariant quantum field theories.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d807657e8c8190bd9435ee2f823845 completed April 9, 2026, 8:09 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69d97ecbb8f4819094d55eb07cb5ad97 completed April 10, 2026, 10:50 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69f6c11290e08190a41c162d47094203 completed May 3, 2026, 3:29 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69f6c20a1eb881908a28dc884c2005ef completed May 3, 2026, 3:33 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69f6c34b9ec08190bb29458b6f43c388 completed May 3, 2026, 3:38 a.m.
Created at: April 9, 2026, 8:50 p.m.