Triple
T13014329
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Francis E. Low |
E322506
|
entity |
| Predicate | knownFor |
P22
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Low’s soft-photon theorem
Low’s soft-photon theorem is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that precisely characterizes how amplitudes behave when low-energy (soft) photons are emitted in particle interactions.
|
E1015933
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Low’s soft-photon theorem | Statement: [Francis E. Low, knownFor, Low’s soft-photon theorem]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Low’s soft-photon theorem Context triple: [Francis E. Low, knownFor, Low’s soft-photon theorem]
-
A.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
B.
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
-
C.
Ward–Takahashi identities
The Ward–Takahashi identities are fundamental relations in quantum field theory that express the consequences of gauge or global symmetries for Green’s functions and ensure the consistency of renormalization with these symmetries.
-
D.
Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian
The Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian is a quantum electrodynamics result that captures nonlinear corrections to classical electromagnetism arising from virtual electron–positron pair effects in strong electromagnetic fields.
-
E.
Slavnov–Taylor identities
Slavnov–Taylor identities are relations in non-Abelian gauge theories that generalize Ward identities, ensuring the consistency and renormalizability of gauge-invariant quantum field theories.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Low’s soft-photon theorem Triple: [Francis E. Low, knownFor, Low’s soft-photon theorem]
Generated description
Low’s soft-photon theorem is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that precisely characterizes how amplitudes behave when low-energy (soft) photons are emitted in particle interactions.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Low’s soft-photon theorem Target entity description: Low’s soft-photon theorem is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that precisely characterizes how amplitudes behave when low-energy (soft) photons are emitted in particle interactions.
-
A.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
B.
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
-
C.
Ward–Takahashi identities
The Ward–Takahashi identities are fundamental relations in quantum field theory that express the consequences of gauge or global symmetries for Green’s functions and ensure the consistency of renormalization with these symmetries.
-
D.
Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian
The Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian is a quantum electrodynamics result that captures nonlinear corrections to classical electromagnetism arising from virtual electron–positron pair effects in strong electromagnetic fields.
-
E.
Slavnov–Taylor identities
Slavnov–Taylor identities are relations in non-Abelian gauge theories that generalize Ward identities, ensuring the consistency and renormalizability of gauge-invariant quantum field theories.
- F. None of above. chosen
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69d807657e8c8190bd9435ee2f823845 |
completed | April 9, 2026, 8:09 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69d97ecbb8f4819094d55eb07cb5ad97 |
completed | April 10, 2026, 10:50 p.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69f6c11290e08190a41c162d47094203 |
completed | May 3, 2026, 3:29 a.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69f6c20a1eb881908a28dc884c2005ef |
completed | May 3, 2026, 3:33 a.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69f6c34b9ec08190bb29458b6f43c388 |
completed | May 3, 2026, 3:38 a.m. |
Created at: April 9, 2026, 8:50 p.m.