Shapiro delay
E918804
Shapiro delay is a general relativistic time delay experienced by light or signals as they pass through the gravitational field of a massive object, causing them to take slightly longer to travel than they would in flat spacetime.
All labels observed (2)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Shapiro delay canonical | 1 |
| Shapiro time delay | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T11316931 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Shapiro delay Context triple: [PSR B1913+16, hasRelativisticEffects, Shapiro delay]
-
A.
Tolman–Ehrenfest effect
The Tolman–Ehrenfest effect is a relativistic thermodynamic phenomenon stating that, in a system at thermal equilibrium within a gravitational field, temperature varies with gravitational potential so that hotter regions occur deeper in the gravitational well.
-
B.
de Sitter effect
The de Sitter effect is a relativistic phenomenon in celestial mechanics describing how general relativity alters the motion and precession of orbiting bodies in a gravitational field.
-
C.
Lense–Thirring effect
The Lense–Thirring effect is a general relativity phenomenon in which a rotating massive body slightly drags spacetime around with it, causing precession of nearby orbits and gyroscopes.
-
D.
Hafele–Keating experiment
The Hafele–Keating experiment was a 1971 test of Einstein’s theory of relativity in which atomic clocks were flown around the world on commercial airliners and compared with stationary clocks to measure time dilation effects.
-
E.
Pound–Rebka experiment
The Pound–Rebka experiment was a landmark 1959 physics test that measured the gravitational redshift of gamma rays in Earth’s gravitational field, providing one of the first precise terrestrial confirmations of general relativity.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Shapiro delay Target entity description: Shapiro delay is a general relativistic time delay experienced by light or signals as they pass through the gravitational field of a massive object, causing them to take slightly longer to travel than they would in flat spacetime.
-
A.
Tolman–Ehrenfest effect
The Tolman–Ehrenfest effect is a relativistic thermodynamic phenomenon stating that, in a system at thermal equilibrium within a gravitational field, temperature varies with gravitational potential so that hotter regions occur deeper in the gravitational well.
-
B.
de Sitter effect
The de Sitter effect is a relativistic phenomenon in celestial mechanics describing how general relativity alters the motion and precession of orbiting bodies in a gravitational field.
-
C.
Lense–Thirring effect
The Lense–Thirring effect is a general relativity phenomenon in which a rotating massive body slightly drags spacetime around with it, causing precession of nearby orbits and gyroscopes.
-
D.
Hafele–Keating experiment
The Hafele–Keating experiment was a 1971 test of Einstein’s theory of relativity in which atomic clocks were flown around the world on commercial airliners and compared with stationary clocks to measure time dilation effects.
-
E.
Pound–Rebka experiment
The Pound–Rebka experiment was a landmark 1959 physics test that measured the gravitational redshift of gamma rays in Earth’s gravitational field, providing one of the first precise terrestrial confirmations of general relativity.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
general relativistic effect
ⓘ
gravitational time delay ⓘ relativistic time dilation phenomenon ⓘ |
| affects |
electromagnetic radiation
ⓘ
light signals ⓘ radio signals ⓘ |
| alsoKnownAs | gravitational time delay ⓘ |
| assumes | null geodesic propagation of light ⓘ |
| cause | curvature of spacetime by mass ⓘ |
| dependsOn |
geometry of the signal path
ⓘ
gravitational potential along the signal path ⓘ impact parameter of the light path ⓘ mass of the intervening body ⓘ |
| describes | extra time taken by light or signals traveling near a massive body ⓘ |
| effectOnTravelTime | increases travel time compared to flat spacetime ⓘ |
| field | general relativity ⓘ |
| firstTestContext | radar ranging to Venus and Mercury ⓘ |
| firstTestedUsing | radar signals bounced off inner planets ⓘ |
| hasBeenMeasuredIn |
binary pulsar PSR B1913+16
ⓘ
linked to:
first binary pulsar PSR B1913+16
double pulsar PSR J0737−3039 ⓘ |
| hasBeenMeasuredNear |
planets
ⓘ
the Sun ⓘ |
| isDistinctFrom | geometric time delay in lensing ⓘ |
| isMaximizedWhen | signal passes close to the massive body ⓘ |
| isOneOf | classical tests of general relativity ⓘ |
| isPredictedBy |
Einstein's general theory of relativity
ⓘ
linked to:
Einstein’s general relativity
|
| isRelatedTo |
gravitational lensing
ⓘ
gravitational redshift ⓘ time dilation in gravitational fields ⓘ |
| isZeroWhen | no intervening gravitational field is present ⓘ |
| mathematicalForm | logarithmic dependence on impact parameter in weak-field limit ⓘ |
| measuredIn | microseconds for solar system experiments ⓘ |
| occursIn | gravitational field of a massive object ⓘ |
| orderOfMagnitude | tens to hundreds of microseconds for solar conjunction experiments ⓘ |
| relevantFor |
binary pulsar systems
ⓘ
precision navigation in the solar system ⓘ pulsar timing experiments ⓘ spacecraft radio tracking ⓘ tests of alternative theories of gravity ⓘ very long baseline interferometry ⓘ |
| supports | validity of general relativity in the weak-field regime ⓘ |
| testType | solar system test of general relativity ⓘ |
| usedToConstrain |
parameterized post-Newtonian parameter gamma
ⓘ
post-Newtonian parameters ⓘ |
| usedToMeasure |
inclination of binary pulsar orbits
ⓘ
masses of companion stars in binary systems ⓘ |
| wasProposedBy |
Irwin I. Shapiro
ⓘ
linked to:
Irwin Shapiro
|
| yearProposed | 1964 ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Shapiro delay Description of subject: Shapiro delay is a general relativistic time delay experienced by light or signals as they pass through the gravitational field of a massive object, causing them to take slightly longer to travel than they would in flat spacetime.
Referenced by (2)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject linked to:
first binary pulsar PSR B1913+16
linked to: Shapiro delay