Middle Passage
E30745
The Middle Passage was the brutal transatlantic sea journey during which enslaved Africans were forcibly transported under horrific conditions to the Americas.
All labels observed (3)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Middle Passage canonical | 16 |
| The Middle Passage | 1 |
| the Middle Passage | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T238826 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Middle Passage Context triple: [Atlantic slave trade, characterizedBy, Middle Passage]
-
A.
A Mercy
"A Mercy" is a historical novel by Toni Morrison that explores themes of slavery, motherhood, and identity in 17th-century America through the intertwined lives of several women.
-
B.
The Voyage
"The Voyage" is an essay by Washington Irving that reflects on the emotions and experiences of transatlantic travel, serving as the opening piece in his collection *The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.*
-
C.
Sula
Sula is a 1973 novel by American author Toni Morrison that explores Black female friendship, community, and identity in a small Ohio town.
-
D.
The Drowned and the Saved
The Drowned and the Saved is Primo Levi’s final, reflective work of essays examining the moral, psychological, and historical complexities of the Holocaust and its survivors.
-
E.
Song of Solomon
Song of Solomon is a critically acclaimed novel by Toni Morrison that explores African American identity, family history, and the search for personal freedom through the life of its protagonist, Milkman Dead.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Middle Passage Target entity description: The Middle Passage was the brutal transatlantic sea journey during which enslaved Africans were forcibly transported under horrific conditions to the Americas.
-
A.
A Mercy
"A Mercy" is a historical novel by Toni Morrison that explores themes of slavery, motherhood, and identity in 17th-century America through the intertwined lives of several women.
-
B.
The Voyage
"The Voyage" is an essay by Washington Irving that reflects on the emotions and experiences of transatlantic travel, serving as the opening piece in his collection *The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.*
-
C.
Sula
Sula is a 1973 novel by American author Toni Morrison that explores Black female friendship, community, and identity in a small Ohio town.
-
D.
The Drowned and the Saved
The Drowned and the Saved is Primo Levi’s final, reflective work of essays examining the moral, psychological, and historical complexities of the Holocaust and its survivors.
-
E.
Song of Solomon
Song of Solomon is a critically acclaimed novel by Toni Morrison that explores African American identity, family history, and the search for personal freedom through the life of its protagonist, Milkman Dead.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (60)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
historical event
ⓘ
segment of the Atlantic slave trade ⓘ |
| characterizedBy |
brutal treatment
ⓘ
disease outbreaks ⓘ high mortality rates ⓘ malnutrition ⓘ overcrowded conditions ⓘ physical abuse ⓘ psychological trauma ⓘ suicides among captives ⓘ |
| estimatedMortalityRate | between 10 and 20 percent ⓘ |
| estimatedNumberOfVictims | over 10 million enslaved Africans transported ⓘ |
| hasApproximateEndTime | late 19th century ⓘ |
| hasApproximateStartTime | circa 1500 ⓘ |
| hasCause |
European colonial expansion
ⓘ
demand for slave labor in the Americas ⓘ plantation economy ⓘ |
| hasEffect |
demographic transformation of the Americas
ⓘ
devastation of African societies ⓘ forced migration of Africans ⓘ millions of deaths ⓘ |
| hasEndTime | 19th century ⓘ |
| hasLocation |
Atlantic Ocean
ⓘ
Caribbean Sea ⓘ South Atlantic Ocean ⓘ
linked to:
South Atlantic
West Africa ⓘ the Americas ⓘ
linked to:
Americas
|
| hasStartTime | 16th century ⓘ |
| involves |
crew members
ⓘ
enslaved Africans ⓘ plantation owners ⓘ ship captains ⓘ slave ships ⓘ |
| linkedTo |
cotton plantations
ⓘ
plantation slavery in the Americas ⓘ sugar plantations ⓘ tobacco plantations ⓘ |
| opposedBy | abolitionist movements ⓘ |
| originatesFrom |
West African coast
ⓘ
linked to:
West Africa
|
| partOf |
Atlantic slave trade
ⓘ
transatlantic slave trade ⓘ
linked to:
Atlantic slave trade
triangular trade ⓘ |
| rememberedFor |
extreme human suffering
ⓘ
systematic dehumanization ⓘ |
| studiedIn |
African diaspora history
ⓘ
Atlantic history ⓘ
linked to:
Atlantic world
slavery studies ⓘ |
| terminatesAt |
Brazil
ⓘ
British Caribbean colonies ⓘ
linked to:
British West Indies
Caribbean ⓘ French Caribbean colonies ⓘ
linked to:
French Caribbean
North America ⓘ South America ⓘ Spanish American colonies ⓘ
linked to:
Spanish America
|
| usedBy |
British slave traders
ⓘ
Dutch slave traders ⓘ European slave traders ⓘ French slave traders ⓘ Portuguese slave traders ⓘ Spanish slave traders ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Middle Passage Description of subject: The Middle Passage was the brutal transatlantic sea journey during which enslaved Africans were forcibly transported under horrific conditions to the Americas.
Referenced by (18)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Middle Passage
linked to: Middle Passage