Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
E265009
The Battle of Cumae (474 BC) was a decisive naval engagement in which the Greek city-states of Cumae and Syracuse defeated the Etruscan fleet, halting Etruscan expansion in southern Italy.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Battle of Cumae (474 BC) canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T2414963 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Battle of Cumae (474 BC) Context triple: [Cumae, battleOccurredNear, Battle of Cumae (474 BC)]
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A.
Battle of Samos
The Battle of Samos was a World War II engagement in the Aegean Sea in 1943, in which Allied and Axis forces fought for control of the Greek island of Samos during the Dodecanese campaign.
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B.
Battle of Ecnomus
The Battle of Ecnomus was a major naval engagement of the First Punic War in 256 BC, often considered one of the largest naval battles of antiquity, in which Rome decisively defeated Carthage off the southern coast of Sicily.
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C.
Battle of Chaeronea (First Mithridatic War)
The Battle of Chaeronea (First Mithridatic War) was a decisive 86 BC engagement in Greece where Roman forces under Lucius Cornelius Sulla crushed the army of Mithridates VI of Pontus, securing Roman dominance in the region.
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D.
Battle of Mycale
The Battle of Mycale was a decisive 479 BC engagement during the Greco-Persian Wars in which a coalition of Greek city-states defeated the Persian fleet and army on the coast of Asia Minor, helping end Persian naval dominance in the region.
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E.
Battle of Elaia–Kalamas
The Battle of Elaia–Kalamas was an early World War II engagement in late 1940 in which Greek forces successfully repelled an Italian offensive in northwestern Greece, contributing to the failure of Italy’s initial invasion.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Battle of Cumae (474 BC) Target entity description: The Battle of Cumae (474 BC) was a decisive naval engagement in which the Greek city-states of Cumae and Syracuse defeated the Etruscan fleet, halting Etruscan expansion in southern Italy.
-
A.
Battle of Samos
The Battle of Samos was a World War II engagement in the Aegean Sea in 1943, in which Allied and Axis forces fought for control of the Greek island of Samos during the Dodecanese campaign.
-
B.
Battle of Ecnomus
The Battle of Ecnomus was a major naval engagement of the First Punic War in 256 BC, often considered one of the largest naval battles of antiquity, in which Rome decisively defeated Carthage off the southern coast of Sicily.
-
C.
Battle of Chaeronea (First Mithridatic War)
The Battle of Chaeronea (First Mithridatic War) was a decisive 86 BC engagement in Greece where Roman forces under Lucius Cornelius Sulla crushed the army of Mithridates VI of Pontus, securing Roman dominance in the region.
-
D.
Battle of Mycale
The Battle of Mycale was a decisive 479 BC engagement during the Greco-Persian Wars in which a coalition of Greek city-states defeated the Persian fleet and army on the coast of Asia Minor, helping end Persian naval dominance in the region.
-
E.
Battle of Elaia–Kalamas
The Battle of Elaia–Kalamas was an early World War II engagement in late 1940 in which Greek forces successfully repelled an Italian offensive in northwestern Greece, contributing to the failure of Italy’s initial invasion.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (42)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
ancient battle
ⓘ
naval battle ⓘ |
| aftermath | Etruscan power increasingly confined to northern and central Italy ⓘ |
| alliedCommander | Aristodemus of Cumae ⓘ |
| belligerent |
Cumae
ⓘ
Etruscans ⓘ Syracuse ⓘ |
| combatantSide |
Etruscan fleet
ⓘ
Greek city-states of Cumae and Syracuse ⓘ |
| commander | Hieron I of Syracuse ⓘ |
| conflictType | Greek–Etruscan conflict ⓘ |
| consequence |
decline of Etruscan naval power in the Tyrrhenian Sea
ⓘ
strengthening of Greek presence in Campania ⓘ |
| date | 474 BC ⓘ |
| era | 5th century BC ⓘ |
| followedBy | further consolidation of Greek cities in Campania ⓘ |
| historicalPeriod | Classical Greece ⓘ |
| historicalRegion | Magna Graecia ⓘ |
| languageOfPrimaryAccounts | Ancient Greek ⓘ |
| locatedInPresentDay | Italy ⓘ |
| mentionedInSource |
Diodorus Siculus
ⓘ
Dionysius of Halicarnassus ⓘ |
| navalForcesInvolved | triremes ⓘ |
| opposedBy | Etruscan city-states ⓘ |
| outcome | Greek victory ⓘ |
| partOf | Greek–Etruscan wars ⓘ |
| place | off the coast of Cumae ⓘ |
| precededBy | earlier Etruscan expansion into Campania ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
Cumae
ⓘ
Etruscan civilization ⓘ
linked to:
Etruscans
Greek colonization of southern Italy ⓘ Hieron I ⓘ
linked to:
Hieron I of Syracuse
Syracuse ⓘ Tyrrhenian Sea ⓘ |
| result |
decisive defeat of the Etruscan fleet
ⓘ
halted Etruscan expansion in southern Italy ⓘ secured Greek control of the Bay of Naples region ⓘ |
| significance |
checked Etruscan influence in southern Italy
ⓘ
important turning point in the struggle between Greeks and Etruscans ⓘ |
| supportedBy |
Cumae
ⓘ
Syracuse ⓘ |
| year | 474 BC ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Battle of Cumae (474 BC) Description of subject: The Battle of Cumae (474 BC) was a decisive naval engagement in which the Greek city-states of Cumae and Syracuse defeated the Etruscan fleet, halting Etruscan expansion in southern Italy.
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.