George L. Kelling
E243238
George L. Kelling was an American criminologist best known for co-developing the "broken windows" theory of policing and urban disorder.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| George L. Kelling canonical | 4 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T2182478 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: George L. Kelling Context triple: [James Q. Wilson, coAuthorWith, George L. Kelling]
-
A.
James P. Gordon
James P. Gordon was an American physicist and pioneer in quantum electronics and laser science, known for his foundational work on the maser and optical communications.
-
B.
James Q. Wilson
James Q. Wilson was a prominent American political scientist best known for his work on crime, policing, and public policy, including the influential "broken windows" theory.
-
C.
James A. Abrahamson
James A. Abrahamson is a retired U.S. Air Force lieutenant general and aerospace engineer best known for directing NASA’s Space Shuttle program and leading the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization in the 1980s.
-
D.
Donald Klopfer
Donald Klopfer was an American publisher best known as the co-founder of the influential publishing house Random House.
-
E.
Charles F. Roos
Charles F. Roos was an American economist and mathematician known for his pioneering work in econometrics and contributions to the formalization of economic theory.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: George L. Kelling Target entity description: George L. Kelling was an American criminologist best known for co-developing the "broken windows" theory of policing and urban disorder.
-
A.
James P. Gordon
James P. Gordon was an American physicist and pioneer in quantum electronics and laser science, known for his foundational work on the maser and optical communications.
-
B.
James Q. Wilson
James Q. Wilson was a prominent American political scientist best known for his work on crime, policing, and public policy, including the influential "broken windows" theory.
-
C.
James A. Abrahamson
James A. Abrahamson is a retired U.S. Air Force lieutenant general and aerospace engineer best known for directing NASA’s Space Shuttle program and leading the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization in the 1980s.
-
D.
Donald Klopfer
Donald Klopfer was an American publisher best known as the co-founder of the influential publishing house Random House.
-
E.
Charles F. Roos
Charles F. Roos was an American economist and mathematician known for his pioneering work in econometrics and contributions to the formalization of economic theory.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
academic
ⓘ
author ⓘ criminologist ⓘ person ⓘ |
| advised | New York City Police Department ⓘ |
| citizenship |
United States
ⓘ
linked to:
United States of America
|
| coAuthorOf |
Broken Windows article
ⓘ
linked to:
broken windows theory
|
| coAuthorWith | James Q. Wilson ⓘ |
| coDeveloperOf | broken windows theory ⓘ |
| dateOfBirth | 1935-08-21 ⓘ |
| dateOfDeath | 2019-05-15 ⓘ |
| degree | PhD in social welfare ⓘ |
| educatedAt |
St. Olaf College
ⓘ
University of Wisconsin–Madison ⓘ University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee ⓘ |
| employer |
Harvard University
ⓘ
Manhattan Institute ⓘ Northeastern University ⓘ Rutgers University ⓘ |
| fieldOfWork |
criminal justice
ⓘ
criminology ⓘ policing ⓘ urban studies ⓘ |
| gender | male ⓘ |
| hasAcademicTitle | professor emeritus ⓘ |
| hasInfluenced |
James Q. Wilson
ⓘ
New York City quality-of-life policing policies ⓘ William J. Bratton ⓘ |
| influenced |
community policing strategies
ⓘ
order-maintenance policing ⓘ urban policing policy in the United States ⓘ |
| knownFor | broken windows theory ⓘ |
| languageOfWorkOrName | English ⓘ |
| nationality | American ⓘ |
| notableWork |
“Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety”
ⓘ
linked to:
broken windows theory
|
| occupation |
consultant
ⓘ
professor ⓘ researcher ⓘ |
| placeOfBirth | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States ⓘ |
| placeOfDeath |
Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
ⓘ
linked to:
Hanover, New Hampshire
|
| publishedIn | The Atlantic Monthly ⓘ |
| researchInterest |
crime prevention
ⓘ
police discretion ⓘ urban disorder ⓘ |
| theoryFocus |
relationship between disorder and crime
ⓘ
role of police in maintaining public order ⓘ |
| workedOn |
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
ⓘ
police patrol experiments ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: George L. Kelling Description of subject: George L. Kelling was an American criminologist best known for co-developing the "broken windows" theory of policing and urban disorder.
Referenced by (4)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.