Kobayashi–Maskawa paper on CP violation (1973)
E234499
The Kobayashi–Maskawa paper on CP violation (1973) is a landmark theoretical work that extended the quark model to three generations, providing the mechanism for CP violation in the Standard Model and later underpinning the Nobel Prize in Physics for its authors.
All labels observed (3)
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T2104976 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kobayashi–Maskawa paper on CP violation (1973) Context triple: [Toshihide Maskawa, hasWork, Kobayashi–Maskawa paper on CP violation (1973)]
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A.
Fermi theory of beta decay
The Fermi theory of beta decay is Enrico Fermi’s pioneering quantum field theory model that explains beta decay as a weak interaction process mediated by a four-fermion contact interaction, laying the groundwork for modern weak interaction theory.
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B.
Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula
The Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula is a relation in particle physics that predicts the mass patterns of hadrons within SU(3) flavor symmetry multiplets, providing quantitative support for the quark model and the Eightfold Way classification.
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C.
Salam–Weinberg model
The Salam–Weinberg model is the electroweak theory that unifies the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces within the Standard Model of particle physics.
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D.
Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula is a key relation in particle physics that connects a particle’s electric charge to its isospin and hypercharge, helping classify hadrons within the quark model.
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E.
Toshihide Maskawa
Toshihide Maskawa was a Japanese theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate renowned for co-formulating the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix, which explains CP violation in the Standard Model of particle physics.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kobayashi–Maskawa paper on CP violation (1973) Target entity description: The Kobayashi–Maskawa paper on CP violation (1973) is a landmark theoretical work that extended the quark model to three generations, providing the mechanism for CP violation in the Standard Model and later underpinning the Nobel Prize in Physics for its authors.
-
A.
Fermi theory of beta decay
The Fermi theory of beta decay is Enrico Fermi’s pioneering quantum field theory model that explains beta decay as a weak interaction process mediated by a four-fermion contact interaction, laying the groundwork for modern weak interaction theory.
-
B.
Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula
The Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula is a relation in particle physics that predicts the mass patterns of hadrons within SU(3) flavor symmetry multiplets, providing quantitative support for the quark model and the Eightfold Way classification.
-
C.
Salam–Weinberg model
The Salam–Weinberg model is the electroweak theory that unifies the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces within the Standard Model of particle physics.
-
D.
Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula is a key relation in particle physics that connects a particle’s electric charge to its isospin and hypercharge, helping classify hadrons within the quark model.
-
E.
Toshihide Maskawa
Toshihide Maskawa was a Japanese theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate renowned for co-formulating the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix, which explains CP violation in the Standard Model of particle physics.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
scientific paper
ⓘ
theoretical physics paper ⓘ |
| author |
Makoto Kobayashi
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Toshihide Maskawa ⓘ |
| buildsOn |
Cabibbo angle
ⓘ
quark model ⓘ |
| citedBy |
Particle Data Group reports
ⓘ
Standard Model reviews ⓘ
linked to:
Standard Model
|
| contributedToNobelPrizeOf |
Makoto Kobayashi
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Toshihide Maskawa ⓘ |
| countryOfOrigin | Japan ⓘ |
| explains | origin of CP violation in weak interactions ⓘ |
| field |
high-energy physics
ⓘ
particle physics ⓘ theoretical physics ⓘ |
| historicalSignificance |
first consistent Standard Model mechanism for CP violation
ⓘ
motivated search for third-generation quarks ⓘ |
| impact |
established standard description of quark flavor mixing
ⓘ
provided theoretical basis for later CP violation measurements ⓘ |
| influenced |
B-meson physics
ⓘ
development of flavor physics ⓘ experiments on CP violation in the B system ⓘ |
| introduced |
3×3 quark mixing matrix
ⓘ
complex phase in quark mixing as source of CP violation ⓘ |
| language |
English
ⓘ
Japanese ⓘ |
| laterCalled | Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix ⓘ |
| mainSubject |
CP violation
ⓘ
Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix ⓘ Standard Model of particle physics ⓘ
linked to:
Standard Model
quark mixing ⓘ |
| mathematicalTool |
complex phase in mixing matrix
ⓘ
unitary 3×3 matrix ⓘ |
| predicts | existence of a third generation of quarks ⓘ |
| proposed |
mechanism for CP violation in the Standard Model
ⓘ
three-generation quark model ⓘ |
| publicationYear | 1973 ⓘ |
| publishedIn | Progress of Theoretical Physics ⓘ |
| recognizedBy |
Nobel Prize in Physics 2008
ⓘ
linked to:
Nobel Prize in Physics
|
| relatedConcept |
CKM matrix
ⓘ
linked to:
Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix
unitarity triangle ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
CP violation in the B-meson system
ⓘ
CP violation in the kaon system ⓘ |
| theoreticalFramework |
Standard Model of particle physics
ⓘ
linked to:
Standard Model
|
| timePeriod | 20th century ⓘ |
| topic |
flavor-changing processes
ⓘ
unitarity of quark mixing matrix ⓘ weak interaction ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Kobayashi–Maskawa paper on CP violation (1973) Description of subject: The Kobayashi–Maskawa paper on CP violation (1973) is a landmark theoretical work that extended the quark model to three generations, providing the mechanism for CP violation in the Standard Model and later underpinning the Nobel Prize in Physics for its authors.
Referenced by (3)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
linked to: Kobayashi–Maskawa paper on CP violation (1973)
subject linked to:
Maskawa
linked to: Kobayashi–Maskawa paper on CP violation (1973)