Roman–Parthian Wars

E230514

ancient war series of wars

The Roman–Parthian Wars were a series of protracted military conflicts between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire over dominance in the Near East from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE.

Try in SPARQL Jump to: Surface forms Disambiguation Statements Elicitation Referenced by

All labels observed (24)

Label	Occurrences
Roman–Parthian Wars canonical	36
Roman–Parthian conflicts	14
Roman–Parthian War of 58–63	5
Trajan’s Parthian campaign	4
Roman–Parthian War of 195–198	3
Parthian campaign	1
Parthian campaigns	1
Parthian invasions of Roman territory	1
Parthian–Roman War of 53 BC	1
Parthian–Roman conflicts	1
Roman reconquest of Armenia	1
Roman–Parthian War	1
Roman–Parthian War of 197–199	1
Roman–Parthian War of 216–217	1
Roman–Parthian War of 40–33 BC	1
Roman–Parthian War of 53 BC	1
Roman–Parthian War of 54–53 BC	1
Roman–Parthian War over Armenia	1
Roman–Parthian War under Caracalla	1
Roman–Parthian conflict	1
Roman–Parthian conflicts in the Levant	1
Roman–Parthian military confrontations	1
Roman–Parthian wars	1
conflicts with Parthian Empire	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T2055589 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Roman–Parthian Wars
Context triple: [Roman army, participatedIn, Roman–Parthian Wars]

A. Roman–Parthian War of 161–166
The Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 was a major conflict between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, marked by Roman campaigns in Armenia and Mesopotamia that temporarily expanded Roman influence in the East.
B. Roman–Palmyrene War
The Roman–Palmyrene War was a 3rd-century conflict in which the Roman Empire fought to suppress the breakaway Palmyrene Empire led by Queen Zenobia and restore imperial control over the Eastern provinces.
C. Roman–Persian Wars
The Roman–Persian Wars were a centuries-long series of conflicts between the Roman (and later Byzantine) Empire and successive Iranian empires that shaped the political and military balance of power in the ancient Near East.
D. Isaurian War
The Isaurian War was a late 5th-century conflict in the Eastern Roman Empire in which Emperor Zeno crushed a major rebellion by the Isaurian leaders who had once been his key supporters.
E. Dacian Wars
The Dacian Wars were a series of early 2nd-century Roman military campaigns in which Emperor Trajan conquered the Dacian kingdom, expanding the Roman Empire and securing its northeastern frontier.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Roman–Parthian Wars
Target entity description: The Roman–Parthian Wars were a series of protracted military conflicts between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire over dominance in the Near East from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE.

A. Roman–Parthian War of 161–166
The Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 was a major conflict between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, marked by Roman campaigns in Armenia and Mesopotamia that temporarily expanded Roman influence in the East.
B. Roman–Palmyrene War
The Roman–Palmyrene War was a 3rd-century conflict in which the Roman Empire fought to suppress the breakaway Palmyrene Empire led by Queen Zenobia and restore imperial control over the Eastern provinces.
C. Roman–Persian Wars
The Roman–Persian Wars were a centuries-long series of conflicts between the Roman (and later Byzantine) Empire and successive Iranian empires that shaped the political and military balance of power in the ancient Near East.
D. Isaurian War
The Isaurian War was a late 5th-century conflict in the Eastern Roman Empire in which Emperor Zeno crushed a major rebellion by the Isaurian leaders who had once been his key supporters.
E. Dacian Wars
The Dacian Wars were a series of early 2nd-century Roman military campaigns in which Emperor Trajan conquered the Dacian kingdom, expanding the Roman Empire and securing its northeastern frontier.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (50)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	ancient war ⓘ series of wars ⓘ
conflictBetween	Parthian Empire ⓘ Roman Empire ⓘ
endTime	3rd century CE ⓘ
followedBy	Roman–Sasanian Wars ⓘ linked to: Roman–Persian Wars
hasCause	control of Armenia ⓘ control of Mesopotamia ⓘ control of trade routes between Mediterranean and India ⓘ struggle for dominance in the Near East ⓘ
mainTheater	Armenia ⓘ Mesopotamia ⓘ Near East ⓘ linked to: Middle East Syria ⓘ
notableBattle	Battle of Carrhae ⓘ Battle of Mount Gindarus ⓘ Battle of Rhandeia ⓘ Lucius Verus’ campaign in Mesopotamia ⓘ Septimius Severus’ capture of Ctesiphon (198 CE) ⓘ Siege of Jerusalem (37 BCE) ⓘ linked to: siege of Jerusalem (37 BCE) Trajan’s capture of Ctesiphon (116 CE) ⓘ
notableBelligerent	Parthian Empire ⓘ Roman Empire ⓘ Roman Republic ⓘ
notableCommander	Artabanus II of Parthia ⓘ Augustus ⓘ Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ⓘ linked to: Pompey the Great Hadrian ⓘ Julius Caesar ⓘ Lucius Verus ⓘ Marcus Licinius Crassus ⓘ Mark Antony ⓘ Orodes II of Parthia ⓘ Septimius Severus ⓘ Tiberius ⓘ Trajan ⓘ Vologases I of Parthia ⓘ Vologases IV of Parthia ⓘ
partOf	Roman–Iranian conflicts ⓘ linked to: Roman–Persian Wars
relatedTo	History of Armenia ⓘ Roman–Sasanian Wars ⓘ linked to: Roman–Persian Wars Silk Road trade ⓘ linked to: Silk Road routes
result	mutual exhaustion of Rome and Parthia ⓘ shifting control of Armenia ⓘ stalemate ⓘ temporary Roman occupations of Mesopotamia ⓘ
significance	defined eastern frontier of the Roman Empire ⓘ preceded rise of the Sasanian Empire ⓘ shaped Roman foreign policy in the East ⓘ
startTime	1st century BCE ⓘ

How these facts were elicited

Referenced by (81)

Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.

Roman army → participatedIn → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Nerva–Antonine dynasty → significantEvent → Trajan’s Parthian campaign ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 → partOf → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 → followedBy → Roman–Parthian War of 195–198 ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 → precededBy → Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 → militaryCampaign → Roman reconquest of Armenia ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman–Persian Wars → hasPart → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Roman–Persian Wars → hasPart → Roman–Parthian War of 54–53 BC ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman–Persian Wars → hasPart → Roman–Parthian War of 40–33 BC ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman–Persian Wars → hasPart → Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Seleucid Empire → knownFor → conflicts with Parthian Empire ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman–Parthian frontier zone → conflictSiteOf → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Marcus Licinius Crassus → militaryConflict → Parthian–Roman War of 53 BC ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Parthian campaigns of Septimius Severus → partOf → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Conquest of Mesopotamia → partOf → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Lusius Quietus → participatedIn → Trajan’s Parthian campaign ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman military history → includesTopic → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Vologases IV of Parthia → conflict → Roman–Parthian War of 195–198 ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Parthian capture of Edessa → partOf → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Siege of Edessa (161–162) → partOf → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Siege of Edessa (161–162) → partOf → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Siege of Edessa (161–162) → hasToDoWith → Parthian invasions of Roman territory ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Capture of Ctesiphon (165) → conflictType → Roman–Parthian War ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Capture of Ctesiphon (165) → partOf → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Capture of Ctesiphon (165) → historicalPeriod → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Sack of Seleucia (165) → relatedEvent → Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman counteroffensive in Syria → conflict → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Battle of Carrhae → conflictIn → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Battle of Carrhae → partOf → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Legio II Adiutrix → participatedIn → Trajan’s Parthian campaign ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

M. Claudius Fronto → militaryConflict → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Legio IV Flavia Felix → participatedIn → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Marcus Statius Priscus → militaryConflict → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Appius Claudius Pulcher → participatedIn → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Armeniacus → bearsRelationTo → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Mithridatic Wars → relatedTo → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

subject linked to: Mithridatic Wars with Rome

Parthian cavalry → usedInConflict → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Orodes II of Parthia → conflict → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Vologases I of Parthia → conflict → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Vologases I of Parthia → conflict → Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Legio XV Apollinaris → participatedIn → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Roman province of Cappadocia → associatedWithConflict → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Mattathias Antigonus → conflict → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Parthian invasion → partOf → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Legio IX Hispana → possiblyDestroyedIn → Parthian campaigns ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Artavasdes II → conflict → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

siege of Jerusalem (37 BCE) → partOf → Roman–Parthian conflicts in the Levant ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Legio XII Fulminata → participatedIn → Roman–Parthian Wars ⓘ

Legio I Minervia → participatedIn → Trajan’s Parthian campaign ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

Adiabene → conflictInvolvement → Roman–Parthian conflicts ⓘ

linked to: Roman–Parthian Wars

All labels observed (24)

How this entity was disambiguated Show

Statements (50)

How these facts were elicited Show

Referenced by (81)

How this entity was disambiguated

How these facts were elicited