Pratyabhijñā school

E149272

Kashmir Shaivism tradition non-dual Shaiva tradition philosophical school

The Pratyabhijñā school is a non-dual Shaiva philosophical tradition of Kashmir that emphasizes direct recognition of one’s identity with absolute consciousness (Śiva).

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All labels observed (9)

Label	Occurrences
Pratyabhijñā	6
Pratyabhijñā school canonical	6
Pratyabhijñā school of Kashmir Shaivism	4
Pratyabhijna (recognition)	1
Pratyabhijna school	1
Pratyabhijna school of Kashmir Shaivism	1
Pratyabhijna school of Kashmiri Shaivism	1
Pratyabhijñā tradition	1
Spanda school	1

How this entity was disambiguated

This entity first appeared as the object of triple T966919 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.

NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Pratyabhijñā school
Context triple: [Abhinavagupta, philosophicalSchool, Pratyabhijñā school]

A. Prabhakara school
The Prabhakara school is a major subtradition of the Mimamsa branch of Hindu philosophy, known for its distinctive theories of language, epistemology, and Vedic ritual exegesis.
B. Advaita Vedanta
Advaita Vedanta is a major school of Hindu philosophy that teaches non-dualism, asserting the ultimate unity of the individual self (Atman) and the absolute reality (Brahman).
C. Shuddhadvaita Vedanta
Shuddhadvaita Vedanta is a non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy, chiefly associated with Vallabhacharya, that teaches the oneness of the individual soul with a personal, all-loving God, especially in the form of Krishna.
D. Vedanta
Vedanta is a major Hindu philosophical tradition that interprets and systematizes the teachings of the Upanishads, focusing on the nature of ultimate reality (Brahman) and the self (Atman).
E. Samkhya
Samkhya is an ancient Indian philosophical system that explains reality through a dualism of consciousness (purusha) and matter (prakriti), forming one of the foundational schools of Hindu thought.
F. None of above. chosen
G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07

Target entity: Pratyabhijñā school
Target entity description: The Pratyabhijñā school is a non-dual Shaiva philosophical tradition of Kashmir that emphasizes direct recognition of one’s identity with absolute consciousness (Śiva).

A. Prabhakara school
The Prabhakara school is a major subtradition of the Mimamsa branch of Hindu philosophy, known for its distinctive theories of language, epistemology, and Vedic ritual exegesis.
B. Advaita Vedanta
Advaita Vedanta is a major school of Hindu philosophy that teaches non-dualism, asserting the ultimate unity of the individual self (Atman) and the absolute reality (Brahman).
C. Shuddhadvaita Vedanta
Shuddhadvaita Vedanta is a non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy, chiefly associated with Vallabhacharya, that teaches the oneness of the individual soul with a personal, all-loving God, especially in the form of Krishna.
D. Vedanta
Vedanta is a major Hindu philosophical tradition that interprets and systematizes the teachings of the Upanishads, focusing on the nature of ultimate reality (Brahman) and the self (Atman).
E. Samkhya
Samkhya is an ancient Indian philosophical system that explains reality through a dualism of consciousness (purusha) and matter (prakriti), forming one of the foundational schools of Hindu thought.
F. None of above. chosen

Statements (48)

Predicate	Object
instanceOf	Kashmir Shaivism tradition ⓘ non-dual Shaiva tradition ⓘ philosophical school ⓘ
associatedWith	Kashmir Shaivism ⓘ
centralConcept	cit (consciousness) ⓘ spanda (vibration of consciousness) ⓘ svātantrya (absolute freedom of Śiva) ⓘ vimarśa (self-reflective awareness) ⓘ ābhāsa (manifestation/appearance) ⓘ
contrastsWith	Advaita Vedānta (regarding status of the world) ⓘ linked to: Advaita Vedanta
coreDoctrine	non-dualism ⓘ recognition of one’s identity with absolute consciousness (Śiva) ⓘ Śiva as absolute consciousness ⓘ
developedInCentury	10th century ⓘ 9th century ⓘ
emphasis	direct recognition (pratyabhijñā) rather than gradual attainment ⓘ
epistemologicalView	self-recognition is the highest form of knowledge ⓘ
founder	Somānanda ⓘ
influenced	Indian non-dualistic thought ⓘ later Kashmir Shaivism exegesis ⓘ
influencedBy	Bhairava Tantras ⓘ linked to: Vijnana Bhairava Tantra Trika Shaivism ⓘ linked to: Kashmir Shaivism Śaiva Āgamas ⓘ
keyPhilosopher	Abhinavagupta ⓘ Kṣemarāja ⓘ linked to: Kshemaraja Somānanda ⓘ Utpaladeva ⓘ
keyText	Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam ⓘ linked to: Pratyabhijnahridayam Īśvarapratyabhijñā-kārikā ⓘ Īśvarapratyabhijñā-vimarśinī ⓘ linked to: Īśvarapratyabhijñā-kārikā Īśvarapratyabhijñā-vivṛti-vimarśinī ⓘ Śivadṛṣṭi ⓘ
languageOfKeyTexts	Sanskrit ⓘ
mainRegion	Kashmir ⓘ
metaphysicalClaim	individual self (jīva) is essentially identical with Śiva ⓘ Śiva is both transcendent and immanent ⓘ
methodOfRealization	direct intuitive recognition ⓘ initiation and instruction by a guru ⓘ philosophical reflection ⓘ
philosophicalOrientation	idealism ⓘ monism ⓘ
relatedConcept	aham (I-consciousness as divine) ⓘ anuttara (the supreme, unsurpassable reality) ⓘ
religiousPracticeContext	Śaiva tantric practice in Kashmir ⓘ
religiousTraditionOf	Hinduism ⓘ
viewOnBondage	bondage is due to ignorance of one’s true identity as Śiva ⓘ
viewOnLiberation	liberation is recognition of one’s identity with Śiva ⓘ
viewOnWorld	the world is a real manifestation of consciousness ⓘ

How these facts were elicited