Chaffing and winnowing
E113228
Chaffing and winnowing is a cryptographic technique proposed by Ronald L. Rivest that achieves confidentiality without traditional encryption by mixing authentic data packets with bogus ones authenticated via message authentication codes.
All labels observed (4)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Chaffing and Winnowing | 1 |
| Chaffing and winnowing canonical | 1 |
| chaffing & winnowing | 1 |
| chaffing and winnowing | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T963998 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Chaffing and winnowing Context triple: [Ronald L. Rivest, notableWork, Chaffing and winnowing]
-
A.
De Heraut
De Heraut was a Dutch Reformed newspaper associated with theologian and statesman Abraham Kuyper and his neo-Calvinist movement.
-
B.
The Uncertain Trumpet
The Uncertain Trumpet is a 1960 book by U.S. Army General Maxwell D. Taylor that critiques the doctrine of massive retaliation and advocates for a more flexible, conventional military strategy during the Cold War.
-
C.
Heed
Heed is the fiercely loyal yet conflicted protagonist of Toni Morrison’s novel "Love," whose lifelong bond and rivalry with her friend Christine drive much of the story’s emotional and thematic tension.
-
D.
The Cheesegrater
The Cheesegrater is a distinctive, wedge-shaped skyscraper in London's financial district, officially known as the Leadenhall Building.
-
E.
The Scapegoat
The Scapegoat is a famous 1856 painting by Pre-Raphaelite artist William Holman Hunt depicting a lone goat symbolically burdened with the sins of the people in a desolate landscape.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Chaffing and winnowing Target entity description: Chaffing and winnowing is a cryptographic technique proposed by Ronald L. Rivest that achieves confidentiality without traditional encryption by mixing authentic data packets with bogus ones authenticated via message authentication codes.
-
A.
De Heraut
De Heraut was a Dutch Reformed newspaper associated with theologian and statesman Abraham Kuyper and his neo-Calvinist movement.
-
B.
The Uncertain Trumpet
The Uncertain Trumpet is a 1960 book by U.S. Army General Maxwell D. Taylor that critiques the doctrine of massive retaliation and advocates for a more flexible, conventional military strategy during the Cold War.
-
C.
Heed
Heed is the fiercely loyal yet conflicted protagonist of Toni Morrison’s novel "Love," whose lifelong bond and rivalry with her friend Christine drive much of the story’s emotional and thematic tension.
-
D.
The Cheesegrater
The Cheesegrater is a distinctive, wedge-shaped skyscraper in London's financial district, officially known as the Leadenhall Building.
-
E.
The Scapegoat
The Scapegoat is a famous 1856 painting by Pre-Raphaelite artist William Holman Hunt depicting a lone goat symbolically burdened with the sins of the people in a desolate landscape.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (49)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
confidentiality mechanism
ⓘ
cryptographic technique ⓘ |
| achieves | data confidentiality ⓘ |
| associatedWith |
RSA Laboratories
ⓘ
linked to:
RSA Security
|
| assumes | adversary sees all packets but lacks MAC key ⓘ |
| basedOn | packet authentication ⓘ |
| category | symmetric-key cryptography ⓘ |
| communicationModel | packet-switched networks ⓘ |
| designMotivation | demonstrate that confidentiality need not imply encryption ⓘ |
| distinguishes | valid packets from bogus packets ⓘ |
| doesNotUse | traditional encryption ⓘ |
| exampleOf | separation of confidentiality and encryption ⓘ |
| field | cryptography ⓘ |
| goal | avoid use of encryption under export controls ⓘ |
| hasAbbreviation | C&W ⓘ |
| hasAnalogy | separating grain from chaff ⓘ |
| hasProperty | encryption-free confidentiality ⓘ |
| influencedBy | export control debates on cryptography ⓘ |
| introducedIn | 1998 ⓘ |
| isDiscussedIn | cryptography literature ⓘ |
| language | English term ⓘ |
| nameOrigin | analogy to agricultural chaffing and winnowing ⓘ |
| operatesOn | streams of packets ⓘ |
| proposedAs | alternative to encryption for confidentiality ⓘ |
| proposedBy |
Rivest, Ronald L.
ⓘ
linked to:
Ronald L. Rivest
Ronald L. Rivest ⓘ |
| publishedIn | paper "Chaffing and Winnowing: Confidentiality without Encryption" ⓘ |
| receiverAction | discard packets with invalid MACs ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
encryption
ⓘ
message authentication ⓘ steganography ⓘ |
| reliesOn | secret MAC key ⓘ |
| requires |
adversary cannot verify MACs
ⓘ
integrity protection via MAC ⓘ packet-level processing ⓘ receiver to verify MACs ⓘ shared secret between sender and receiver ⓘ |
| securityDependsOn |
secrecy of MAC key
ⓘ
unforgeability of MAC ⓘ |
| securityProperty | confidentiality without encryption ⓘ |
| senderAction | insert bogus packets with invalid MACs ⓘ |
| status | theoretical construct ⓘ |
| threatModel | eavesdropping adversary ⓘ |
| uses |
MACs
ⓘ
authentic packets ⓘ bogus packets ⓘ message authentication codes ⓘ mixing of real and fake data ⓘ redundancy in transmitted data ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Chaffing and winnowing Description of subject: Chaffing and winnowing is a cryptographic technique proposed by Ronald L. Rivest that achieves confidentiality without traditional encryption by mixing authentic data packets with bogus ones authenticated via message authentication codes.
Referenced by (4)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
Chaffing and Winnowing: Confidentiality without Encryption
→
hasAbbreviation
→
Chaffing and Winnowing
ⓘ
subject linked to:
paper "Chaffing and Winnowing: Confidentiality without Encryption"
linked to: Chaffing and winnowing
linked to: Chaffing and winnowing
linked to: Chaffing and winnowing