insulin
E111048
Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels and is essential in the treatment of diabetes.
All labels observed (5)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| insulin canonical | 2 |
| Humalog | 1 |
| Lantus | 1 |
| insulin A chain | 1 |
| preproinsulin | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T944401 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: insulin Context triple: [Charles Best, coDiscovered, insulin]
-
A.
Behring
Behring is a German surname most notably associated with Emil Adolf von Behring, the pioneering physiologist and first Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine for his work on serum therapy.
-
B.
Sugar
Sugar is a child-friendly, open-source learning platform and graphical interface designed to support education on low-cost laptops like those from the One Laptop per Child project.
-
C.
Activase
Activase is a brand-name form of the clot-dissolving drug alteplase, widely used as a thrombolytic treatment for acute ischemic stroke and certain types of heart attack and pulmonary embolism.
-
D.
GIP
GIP is the ISO 4217 currency code for the Gibraltar pound, the official currency of Gibraltar.
-
E.
Plegridy
Plegridy is a pegylated interferon beta-1a medication used to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: insulin Target entity description: Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels and is essential in the treatment of diabetes.
-
A.
Behring
Behring is a German surname most notably associated with Emil Adolf von Behring, the pioneering physiologist and first Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine for his work on serum therapy.
-
B.
Sugar
Sugar is a child-friendly, open-source learning platform and graphical interface designed to support education on low-cost laptops like those from the One Laptop per Child project.
-
C.
Activase
Activase is a brand-name form of the clot-dissolving drug alteplase, widely used as a thrombolytic treatment for acute ischemic stroke and certain types of heart attack and pulmonary embolism.
-
D.
GIP
GIP is the ISO 4217 currency code for the Gibraltar pound, the official currency of Gibraltar.
-
E.
Plegridy
Plegridy is a pegylated interferon beta-1a medication used to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (57)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
endogenous hormone
ⓘ
human drug ⓘ hypoglycemic agent ⓘ peptide hormone ⓘ protein hormone ⓘ |
| activates | insulin receptor tyrosine kinase ⓘ |
| administeredBy |
intravenous infusion
ⓘ
subcutaneous injection ⓘ |
| awardedRelatedNobelPrizeTo |
Frederick Banting
ⓘ
John Macleod ⓘ
linked to:
John James Rickard Macleod
|
| bindsTo | insulin receptor ⓘ |
| chemicalFormula | C257H383N65O77S6 ⓘ |
| deficiencyAssociatedWith | type 1 diabetes mellitus ⓘ |
| deficiencyCauses | hyperglycemia ⓘ |
| discoveredBy |
Charles Best
ⓘ
Frederick Banting ⓘ |
| encodedBy | INS gene in humans ⓘ |
| essentialFor | normal glucose homeostasis ⓘ |
| firstUsedClinicallyIn | 1922 ⓘ |
| hasCASNumber | 11061-68-0 ⓘ |
| hasMolecularWeight | approximately 5808 Da ⓘ |
| hasSubunit |
A chain
ⓘ
B chain ⓘ |
| hasUNII | HI1FGM48Z4 ⓘ |
| hasVariant |
intermediate-acting insulin
ⓘ
long-acting insulin analog ⓘ rapid-acting insulin analog ⓘ short-acting insulin ⓘ |
| inhibits |
glycogenolysis
ⓘ
hepatic gluconeogenesis ⓘ ketogenesis ⓘ lipolysis ⓘ |
| linkedBy | disulfide bonds ⓘ |
| processedTo | proinsulin ⓘ |
| producedBy |
beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
ⓘ
pancreas ⓘ |
| regulates |
blood glucose level
ⓘ
carbohydrate metabolism ⓘ fat metabolism ⓘ protein metabolism ⓘ |
| releasedBy | exocytosis ⓘ |
| resistanceAssociatedWith | type 2 diabetes mellitus ⓘ |
| secretedInResponseTo |
elevated blood glucose
ⓘ
ingestion of carbohydrates ⓘ |
| stimulates |
glucose uptake into cells
ⓘ
glycogen synthesis ⓘ lipogenesis ⓘ protein synthesis ⓘ |
| storedAs | zinc-stabilized hexamers in secretory granules ⓘ |
| storedIn | secretory granules of pancreatic beta cells ⓘ |
| synthesizedAs | preproinsulin ⓘ |
| triggers | intracellular signaling cascades ⓘ |
| usedToTreat |
diabetic ketoacidosis
ⓘ
gestational diabetes ⓘ hyperkalemia ⓘ type 1 diabetes mellitus ⓘ type 2 diabetes mellitus ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: insulin Description of subject: Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels and is essential in the treatment of diabetes.
Referenced by (6)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.